本课程将介绍各领域专家所使用的学习方法，他们包括艺术家、文学家、数学家、科学家、运动员和很多其他领域专家。我们将学习如何使用两种不同的大脑模式，以及大脑如何封装（“chunks”）信息。我们还将介绍能力错觉（illusions of learning），记忆技巧，对付拖延症的方法，以及研究表明能帮助我们掌握困难科目的方法。
无论您在所学领域是专家还是菜鸟，您都可以使用这些方法，改变自己的思维模式，重塑自己的人生。如果您是所学领域的专家，通过学习大脑认知的底层知识，您可以进一步提高自己的学习能力，您将了解反直觉的考试技巧和见解，从而能够更高效地完成作业和习题。如果您在学习中遇到困难，系统有效的学习技巧将帮助您将走上正轨。无论您希望学习什么内容，这门课程都可以作为您的指南。
Ramón y Cajal Distinguished Scholar of Global Digital Learning, McMaster University Professor of Engineering, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Oakland University
Dr. Terrence Sejnowski
Francis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
Hong Chee Joo
[BLANK_AUDIO]
Just imagine backing out of a driveway for the first time ever in your life.
For some of you, that might seem like a pretty exciting proposition.
The first time you might do this you would be in hyper alert.
The deluge of information coming at you
would make the job seem almost impossibly difficult.
But, once you've chunked how to back up down your
driveway, all you have to do is think, let's go.
And, off you go.
Your brain goes into this sort of zombie mode, where it is only semi
aware of a few key factors, instead of being overwhelmed by all the data.
It's the same idea with riding a bicycle.
At first, it's really hard, later it's easy.
Neuro-scientifically speaking, chunking is related to habit.
Habit is an energy saver for us.
It allows us to free our mind for other types of activities.
You go into this habitual zombie mode far more often than you might think.
That's the point of habit, you don't have to think in
a focused manner about what you're doing while you're performing the habit.
It saves energy.
Habits can be good and bad.
They can be brief, like absently brushing back your hair.
Or they can be long, for example when you take a walk,
or watch television for a few hours after you get home from work.
You can think of habits as having four parts.
The first is the cue.
This is the trigger that launches you into zombie mode.
The cue may be something as simple as seeing the first item in your to do list.
Time to start next week's homework.
Or seeing a text message from a friend.
Time to stop work.
A cue by itself is neither helpful or harmful, it's the routine.
What we do in reaction to that cue, that's what matters.
Number 2, the routine.
This is your zombie mode.
The routine habitual response your brain is used
to falling into when it receives the cue.
Zombie responses can be useful, harmless, or sometimes harmful.
Number 3, the reward.
Every habit develops and continues because it rewards us.
It gives us an immediate little feeling of pleasure.
Procrastination's an easy habit to develop because the reward, moving your
mind's focus to something more pleasant, happens so quickly and easily.
But good habits can also be rewarded.
Finding ways to reward good study habits is important for escaping procrastination.
Number 4, the belief.
Habits have power because of your belief in them.
For example, you might feel you'll never be able to change
your habits of putting off your studies until late in the day.
To change a habit, you'll need to change your underlying belief.
I'm Barbara Oakley, thanks for learning how to learn.
Dr. Barbara OakleyRamón y Cajal Distinguished Scholar of Global Digital Learning, McMaster University
Dr. Terrence SejnowskiFrancis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Hong Chee Joo
