All right, so let's move to the next aspect and I'm going to switch gears a little bit. How we are going to deal with the foreign section, okay? We are going to discuss the molecular aspect of transmitter release, that is, what are the key machineries control transmitter release? And we are going to do it such a different from before, rather than purely for in the history, in a historic order. We here, sample a field heroes that make great contribution in understanding the molecular components that. And what I'm going to do is to discuss a field, key findings through original research articles. And it's your responsibility to get conclusions from their research data, okay? And because of time constraint, we cannot sample all of them so we are probably going to sample only half of them. But to the principles of identifying the molecular components might be the same or can be expanded to other disciplines, okay? So, we are going to focus on using different approaches, biochemical, genetics, pharmacology or toxicology. And as you will see, and hopefully you will see, that with different approaches, sometimes people can give converging results that can strengthen each other. And that makes the findings much, much more stronger and convincing, okay? Let's first start with Italian post scientist, Cesare, okay? And what other paper we're going to discuss is a classical work from his In early 1990s. In fact, 1992, October 29th, Cesare, okay? In Nature, okay? The title of the work is some toxins can block transmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin, okay? Let's have a snapshot of this scientist. Cesare, he is not a neuroscientist by training, okay? He's more like a microbiologist if I could category him into the big aspects, right? He's a Italian scientist. So, as you will see. Neuroscience or neurobiology is such a broad field, It requires interdiscipline approaches to understand different aspects as to the molecular level, cellular level, system levels. So, indeed, a person who can harness, who can take advantage of different disciplines, actually might make bigger contribution or impact in the field. Because the modern status requires new techniques, new tools to apply together to achieve newer findings. Because, there are a lot of smart scientists. If you are using a special techniques, chances are that other smart scientists before you have all ready applied them. And all ready get satisfactory answers, right? So if you are a late congress to your field, or young undergraduate students become graduate students to study those things in a field that is very established. Then probably, a lot of important questions has all ready been addressed using the conventional techniques. Unless you are super smart, right? This is the hard truth, probably not only in neuroscience but in many other disciplines. But if one can borrow or invent new tools, then you will be at a unique advantage as if you are picking cherries from those trees, right? So if you are just a regular person and you just pick those low hanging fruits, right, and you go out in these cherry trees. Probably most of low hanging fruits has all ready been collected by others, right? If you are very smart, maybe you can identify some cherry looks like some leaves nobody can notice before. And then, so, those actually are not leaves, it's cherry and other people did not notice. So you can still go there to pick them up. Chances are, those cherries are not that many. Or, they are not sweet enough because they look like leaves, right? And there's some good people, they can jump, okay? So if they jump a little bit higher, so that they can pick some cherry. And there are some people who want to use interdiscipline approaches. Using my analogy, it would be like they are building a ladder, okay? So they are building tiers. So, their cherry's low hanging fruit has all ready been collected. But if you are building ladders, okay? And you better build a ladder with a good foundation that will not be easily to tilt or collapse, right? Once you build those ladders, then you climb up on those ladders. And then you can reach, even though maybe some of you, especially Asians, not so tall, right? But with the help from ladders you can just climb up the ladders so you can still reach those cherries together, right? If unfortunately you are build a ladder which is not so stable, you just climb up one step and you crash, right? Then, not only you didn't pick any cherry, you're wasting a lot of time and you might injure yourself, right? That is how people get grad school and never graduate by inventing some tool and never work, right? So they didn't make it, okay?
