Solving the Maximum Pairwise Product Programming Challenge: Improving the Naive Solution, Testing, Debugging

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Del curso dictado por University of California San Diego

Algorithmic Toolbox

3700 calificaciones

University of California San Diego

Algorithmic Toolbox

3700 calificaciones

Curso 1 de 6 en SpecializationData Structures and Algorithms

The course covers basic algorithmic techniques and ideas for computational problems arising frequently in practical applications: sorting and searching, divide and conquer, greedy algorithms, dynamic programming. We will learn a lot of theory: how to sort data and how it helps for searching; how to break a large problem into pieces and solve them recursively; when it makes sense to proceed greedily; how dynamic programming is used in genomic studies. You will practice solving computational problems, designing new algorithms, and implementing solutions efficiently (so that they run in less than a second).

De la lección

Programming Challenges

Welcome to the first module of Data Structures and Algorithms! Here we will provide an overview of where algorithms and data structures are used (hint: everywhere) and walk you through a few sample programming challenges. The programming challenges represent an important (and often the most difficult!) part of this specialization because the only way to fully understand an algorithm is to implement it. Writing correct and efficient programs is hard; please don’t be surprised if they don’t work as you planned—our first programs did not work either! We will help you on your journey through the specialization by showing how to implement your first programming challenges. We will also introduce testing techniques that will help increase your chances of passing assignments on your first attempt. In case your program does not work as intended, we will show how to fix it, even if you don’t yet know which test your implementation is failing on.

Solving the Sum of Two Digits Programming Challenges (screencast)6:30

Solving the Maximum Pairwise Product Programming Challenge: Improving the Naive Solution, Testing, Debugging13:37

Stress Test - Implementation8:22

Stress Test - Find the Test and Debug7:49

Stress Test - More Testing, Submit and Pass!8:45

Conoce a los instructores

Alexander S. Kulikov
Visiting Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Michael Levin
Lecturer
Computer Science
Neil Rhodes
Adjunct Faculty
Computer Science and Engineering
Pavel Pevzner
Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Daniel M Kane
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering / Department of Mathematics

In this video, we will consider a more interesting code problem.

This problem will require us to implement a faster than a naive solution first,

then to debug it, then to stress test it before we actually come up with

a correct solution that will be able to pass all the tests in the testing system.

So the problem is called the maximum prioritized product problem.

In this problem, we're given an array, or a sequence of n numbers.

And our goal is to find a number which can be obtained

by multiplying some two numbers from this sequence.

So recall that our problem is given a sequence of n non-negative integers

to find the maximum pairwise product.

So the input to this problem consists of two lines.

The first line contains just a single number n,

which is at least 2 and at most 2 multiplied by 10 to the 5.

The next line contains the sequence of n numbers which are

non-negative integers not exceeding 10 to the 5.

So our goal is to output a single number, the maximum pairwise product.

The page contains also two sample tests.

For example, if an input to our program is a sequence of length 3 consisting

of numbers 1, 2, 3, then the output should be, of course, 6,

because this is just 2 multiplied by 3.

For a slightly longer sequence of size 10,

the output should be 140,

and this is 10 multiplied by 14.

So as usual there is also a section that

contains starter files and let's begin,

choose C++ as our programming language for this problem.

This is how the starter C++ solution file looks like.

So we start by reading the number n from the standard input.

We then create an array, or a vector of size n.

We then fill in this vector by elements of our sequence, element by element.

Then we read from the standard input.

We then pass the real numbers to the function

MaxPairwiseProduct that computes the answer to our problem.

Let's see what is going on inside the function MaxPairwiseProduct.

So we start by initializing the variable result by 0 and

we then go through all possible pairs of different elements.

That is, we go through all possible i and j, where i is less than j.

We do this by two nested loops.

And for each such pair, we check whether the product of the corresponding two

numbers is greater than our current result.

And if it is, we update the result.

Finally, we return the result.

So this algorithm is correct for an obvious reason.

The goal in our problem is to find the maximum pairwise product, right?

So to do this we just go through all possible pairs and

select the maximum product.

Okay, to check that it is indeed correct, let's, as usual, compile it.

So for this we use.

The compiler flags for C++.

Okay, and then, we test it.

For example, for the sequence of length 3,

consisting of numbers 1 through 3, then say 6.

Let's test it one more time.

For example, this sequence of length 5.

Consisting of numbers 3, 4, 5, 1, 2.

So the answer is 20 as expected, because this is the product of 4 and 5.

Okay, so it seems that this solution is correct and let's just go ahead and

submit it as a solution to the testing system.

So I've just submitted our current solution to the grading system,

but unfortunately it hadn't passed all the tests.

In particular, there is an error message shown in the grading system.

Let's take a look.

So it says that our solution failed

test case number three, which consists of just two numbers.

The first one is 10 to the 5, and

the second one is 90,000.

Let's check whether we can reproduce this behavior on our local machine.

So let's call our program

with just two numbers,

10 to the 5 and 90,000.

So indeed, as a result, instead of getting nine

billions as we would expect, we got some random number.

So this usually happens when there is an integer overflow.

And indeed, so we use the standard integer type for

storing the result of multiplying two numbers.

While nine billion is too much for

the integer type, so it doesn't fit into the integer type.

So what we are supposed to do is actually to use a long, long C++ type.

So let's do this and check whether this

will fix our problem, our solution.

So for this we need to change all the places

where we compute and store the results.

So first of all we change the declaration of this variable,

we change also the type of the return observe returns result.

When computing the product of this to numbers we first cast.

For example, the first

one to the long, long type.

Okay, and also

here, great.

Let's now compile it once again.

Yes, and let's run it to check whether it correctly processes our previous data set.

So 10 to the 5 and 90,000.

Great, so it correctly outputs nine billion.

So now, we must be completely sure that our solution is correct.

Because, well, first of all, to find the maximum pairwise product,

we'd just go through all possible pairs and select the maximum product.

So what can we do else?

And also, we now use the right type for storing the result.

So let's go ahead and submit our new solution to the grading system.

Unfortunately our solution is still incorrect.

So in this particular case, the output of the grading system is the following:

Failed case 4, time limit exceeded.

So it means that our solution is quite slow, that for

large datasets it runs in more than one second.

So let's try to understand why it so happens.

First of all, the maximum size of a data set is the maximum size of a sequence for

this problem, in our case, it is roughly 10 to the 5.

So what is the number of operations performed by our algorithm on such

a sequence?

So recall that in our algorithm we just go through all possible pairs

of input numbers.

So this is roughly n squared.

So when n is equal to 10 to the 5, this is 10 to the 10.

And this is more than one billion.

And one billion is roughly the number of basic operations that modern computers can

perform in one second.

So we conclude that we need a faster algorithm to solve this problem.

In particular, we realize that we need to find the maximum pairwise product,

without actually going through all possible pairs of numbers.

So in search of an inspiration, let's take a look at the problem page.

In particular let's review the second sample case.

In this case, our input consists of ten integers,

and the output in this case, is 140.

And why is that? Well,

this is just because in our sequence there are two numbers, 14 and 10.

These two numbers are two maximal numbers actually.

So for any other two numbers, their product are less than 140.

So this gives us an idea: that to find the maximum product of two numbers from

our sequence, it is actually enough to find two maximal numbers in our sequence.

This is because all of our integers in this sequence are non-negative.

So let's just implement this idea in our C++ file.

So this is already implemented, and it looks as follows.

So the new function is called MaxPairwiseProductFast.

So it already uses the long.long type for

storing the result and we do the following.

Just by scanning the input array two times, we find two maximal numbers.

So in the first block, we find the first maximum and

we store its index in the max_index variable, and

in the second block, we find the second maximal element.

So the difference in the second block is that we also need to skip

the first maximal element

while scanning the array.

So what we do is, we do this in this check.

Okay, and then we just return the product

of two maximum numbers in our array, right?

Let's, as usual, compile it and

see that everything works correctly.

So, this is our new file, max_pairwise_product_fast.ccp.

We compile it and we first run it on some small sequence.

For example, size 3, for example, 2, 3, 4 it gives us 12 as expected.

Great, now let's do the following.

Let's check what is the running time when a huge data set.

So for this, let's instead of reading

the data from the standard input,

let's just generate a huge array here.

Let's use vector of int of size 10 to the 5,

and let it be an array filled by zeroes,

let's compile it and let's run it.

So it outputs zero immediately which means that it,

well, it is much faster then the previous algorithm.

So now our solution just must be completely correct.

So it is fast, it uses the right type for storing the solution and

it is also obviously correct because,

well it selects two maximal numbers, right, and multiplies them.

No other product of two numbers can be larger because we selected two

maximal numbers.

However, unfortunately, even this solution is not correct.

So you can submit it to the testing system and see that the output

will be wrong answer for some test case.

In the next video, Michael will tell you about stress testing and

will show you how to fix this solution.

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