[MUSIC] Well, Ankit, it seems like the real driving force here is that when we consolidate, as we are to get economy of scale in big data centers and the cloud, when we consolidate, then, this basically leads directly to a wide area networking performance challenge. >> Absolutely. >> Right? So, we think of the Cloud as, you know, just the big warehouse data center sometimes, but actually it's putting a lot of demands on the wide area network, so that becomes a key part of the whole picture as well. >> Right. >> So that means bandwidth, which is improving, but also latency, which is a harder thing. >> And there's something fundamental about latency, right. There's a fundamental bottleneck, physics. Between New Delhi and New York, even in the very best case the latency is going to be at least around 80 milliseconds round trip. There's no getting around that. Now CDNs help for that, yes, so well there is some getting around that. CDNs help but they don't help in all cases, right? >> Right. >> If you're playing multiplayer online games, a CDN won't help performance very much. >> So, I guess we've seen several proposals that are being pushed forward now to try to deal with that latency problem. So there's SPDY from Google at the HTP level and also QUIC upcoming at the transport layer >> Right. >> to try to improve performance, especially latency. >> It's interesting because one of the things that's moving things forward is Google's ownership of both ends to a significant extent, right. They have the most popular browser, which is Chrome, and they have control over some of the most popular services. So this means they can implement applications layer techniques and things that transport layer quite easily. They're actively testing these things out on users now. Right? As we saw QUIC is, you've probably tested QUIC if you're using their browser. >> Right. >> So, that control really again we see the amount of control someone has on the ends or the network really changes the game in terms of what you can do with technology. >> So, check out on the course website our measurement tools that we're providing. And if you're willing then run them to help build a latency picture of the internet. This is going to help further research on the topic of Internet latency, but it's also going to give us an interesting view of the Internet and latency to Cloud services that we'll all learn a lot from I think. >> And we will share that view with you. Very exciting stuff. >> Okay, can't wait. [MUSIC]