Greetings everyone, in this presentation, we will continue to talk about the design process. Now we have seen this representation of the design process, it's ambiguous in the beginning, it flatlines toward the end. And there is seas of phases that we can go through that gives some structure to the overall process. So what we'll do today, is we'll talk about each one of these phases, one by one. Phase 1, so the phase one essentially is identifying problems. In any environment, in any situation, before the design process starts, it's critical that people go in and understand what exactly is happening. What are some of the problems, what are some situations that are not working well. And identifying those issues to take on to solve the problems. So we'll talk about a case study throughout this presentation. I'll talk about a project that some of my students and I did at Arizona State University. And what we did in this project was we looked at the hospital environment. What you see in this photograph here is a patient room and this is pretty typical for a patient room. There's a bed, there's some equipment in the room. There's a window, there's a door, there's a bathroom. So all of these are situations which exist in the environment of the patient room. So what the students and I did was, what kind of problems can they identify in a space like this to come up with better solutions for? That essentially is phase 1. So once you identify the situation and the problem, phase 2 is about gathering of information. You want to try and collect as much information as you can about the specific context, about a specific environment so that you are well informed as you start coming up with the solutions. So in this case for this project, what the students did was they went into a hospital. They looked at the nurses station. It's what you see in this photograph, where nurses spend time discussing problems, where they do their paperwork, where they enter things on the computer. But this is where nurses interact with each other, discuss the patients, so the students went to this environment. They talked to nurses, they interviewed them, they followed them, they observed how to do their work, essentially as a means of collecting data. This is one form of collecting information. You can also collect information by doing secondary research or what's called looking into books, journals, articles, magazines to get adequate information about what's already written about the problems you might be solving. Students also looking at how nurses were keeping records. How do they keep records of all the patients that they are looking at? How are they managing all of this information? So phase 2 essentially involves collecting as much as information as you can about the problem that is being solved. Phase 3 is about analysis, it's called capturing insights. So once you look at all the information, once you gather all this information about the nurse, about the patients, about the systems, about the processes of the hospital, how can we draw some insights? How can we analyze all that data, all that information so that we use that information to come up with some design solutions? Very often what happens in this process is the creation of diagrams, the creation of visual representations of the process. So for example, what you see here is an activity which involves a nurse checking in on a patient. So it starts for example, it starts over here. And this is how the process unfolds, this is how the nurse goes about checking on a patient. So step one is the nurse checks on the status. The nurse might discovered that she needs to get more drugs, need to change bandages, right? That could happen. Step two, checking on the tubes. What is the person connected to? And what might I need to check as a nurse? There might be some IVs that might need to be checked, changing some of the tubes. Step three is taking the patient to the bathroom. So what you see here is called an activity model. This model gives you a sense for what does a nurse have to go through in this process of taking care of the patient. And then eventually this helps her discover pin points. So what does a nurse struggle with in this process? What can we do to help him or her in the process of improving this process of taking care of the patient, right? So this is really useful as a form of developing insights for the problem. Another example, this is also an insights gathering process. So the patient have a certain set of needs, they have some frustrations and there something that influence what they do. For example, one may discover that, some of the key things that a patient needs is the need to rest and the need to heal. They're in the hospital for that reason. But you might discover that the treatment is slow or the environment of the hospital is very noisy. So there are certain things that are the pain points. These are the problems that the patients face. Things to keep in mind. What influences the patients healing process. What influences the experience in the hospital? Clearly, the medical staff, the environment of the patient rooms, so can we redesign the environment to make it a better experience? So this again, these are insights that we can use to start the process design. Another example, this is an example where if a patient, who you see here, has some sort of situation at home, right? They're at home, they have some sort of an accident or they maybe have a cardiac arrest, what happens? Well they call the emergency services, emergency services dispatch either a helicopter or an ambulance, that is sent to the home. The process unfold, what happens is the caller dispatches somebody to your home, they then take them to the hospital. They are checked into the hospital, the EMT has to fill out some sort of paperwork. So what you see in this diagram is the step by step process of what happens when a patient has a problem. They call emergency services, they show up and they take the patient into the hospital, right? Then each step along the way is full of issues that we can solve, full of problems that can be taken care of. So these again are quick diagrams that show how you capture insights in phase 3. Phase 4, now you have information, you have data, you have analysis. Phase 4 is about coming up with ideas. How do we generate new ideas to solve the problems that were discovered in phases 1, 2 and 3? There are several techniques of coming up with ideas. One of the techniques is referred to as brainstorming. What you see here in this photograph is some students at Arizona State University doing brainstorming. Very often in the process of brainstorming we use little sticky notes. A question is posed, for example, a question could be how can we transfer patients easily and effortlessly from the ambulance into the hospital or from somebody's home in to the ambulance? This could be a question. People who are involved in the brainstorming come up with the ideas, they write them down on the sticky notes and put them up on the wall. We collect all this ideas to see which are the better ideas that we can then select and move forward with in the next phase. We can write down these ideas on a sticky note or we can draw them out. We encourage students, we encourage people who are involved in brainstorming to do both. Write out some of the ideas and draw out some of them out as well. Once these ideas are put on this piece of paper, we start collecting them. We find which ones are more promising and then start sketching them out. Start drawing them out, and what you see in this case are some of the drawings that are done in the design process. For example, what you see into top left in this image, is a design for a gurney, something that will help drying for a patient. One of the problem that we discovered is that, it's difficult to keep patients stable inside this gurney, in this stretcher. So what you see here this thing, this section is actually an inflatable device. It sits around the patient, you put air into it, and that air fills up these bladders and keeps the patient stable, right? Just one example, one idea for a gurney that'll keep patients stable. You see some other ideas here, this is a new, sort of an IV system. Patients in the hospital often need intravenous injections, they need fluids to be passed into their body, very often it's on a big IV pole. Well this is a more portable form of an IV pole that does not require any sort of assistive device to go with it. It's put on the hand and it actually eliminates the need for any freestanding pole device. So these are just a few examples of some of the solutions, some of the sketches that could be solving problems ever discovered. Here's yet another sketch. This is a patient transfer system within the hospital. There's an increasing problem in America with obesity. There are patients who are fairly heavy. In order to make sure that they can be moved safely for the nurse as well as for the patient. This is a gurney system that actually attaches to the patient and is able to move the patient in the room. Some more examples, this is again another form of patient transfer. You have a system here that comes close to the bed, and you transfer the patient from the gurney onto the bed. And also it slides open, so one section goes this way, one section goes this way, and you can take it out from underneath the patient. Again a simple way to transfer a patient. So there are some of the processes the writing of ideas, brainstorming with sticky notes, sketching ideas out, these are forms of idea generation. So now, once you have a series of ideas, lots and lots of concepts, the next step is to start selecting some of the concepts. So in this case, what the students did was they selected three concepts to explore a little bit further before settling down on one specific concept. One of the ideas that they selected was one called envelope, we talked about this just a bit earlier. It's a system that allows patients to be secured inside a gurney or a stretcher. So again, these things what you see here, around the face of the patient are inflatable bags. So once a patient is laid on the gurney, you put air with your foot into this. And it create a structure of support around the patient so that's one of the ideas. You can see some more images of this stretcher. It opens up and it inflates these things on the side to allow the air to be filled in. And you can see how these are the sections that inflate to provide the kind of cranial support that might be needed. Another idea that they focused on was one called VIV, and this was for fluid management. Like I mentioned earlier, patients often need IV, they need intravenous fluids into their bodies. And instead of having a pole that stands close to the bed, why not have something that attaches to the bed? So this is attached to the bed, it just hangs over the bed rails. And there's a system that goes on the patient's arm and it guides the fluid into the patient. You can see the entire system over here in this diagram. Here's the section that rests on the bed. There's a tube that reaches to the patient, and this is what the IV transfers. So there's no IV pull that needs to move along with the bed. Everything is attached to the bed itself. And here you can see a close up of how the bags might be on that system. You can attach multiple bags, there's one over here, a second here, third here, to quickly change things out. And this is the arm section that attaches to the patient's forearm. So that was the second idea, the third idea is called Orbis. And this is the harness system to move patients within the patient room. So this section here, this is what you see up on the top of the patient room. So it goes in the ceiling, there are two cross bars, is one that goes this way, and the one goes this way. So you imagine as an x and y axis in the ceiling of the patient room. And this can move back and forth this way, and it can also move this way. So you can imagine, it can move anywhere in the room to move the patient let's say from the entry into the bed from the bed into the bathroom. And this section, the harness actually attaches to the patient to allow them to be moved safely across the room. And you can see a slightly closer look at the top section of the system. This is a closer look at the harness. This is how the patient is held into the system so that they can be moved safely without falling out. So that is phase 5, you saw 3 concepts. And then phase 6, is when you select one of those ideas and move further to detail it out in as many ways as you can, to start finalizing the solution. Very often, what happens at this stage is to look at all the stake holders involved. So a stake holder could be a patient, could be the person who is involved in administering the care, could be the nurse, could be the company, could be a distributor, or someone who actually installs the system. So one thing that's really important with design, is as you start to finalize a solution, you try to ensure that it meets the needs of all the people involved in the process. All the people who are somehow influenced by and affected by this particular product. So in this case, the patient cares about comfort, they care about their safety. The nurse cares about speedy operation, cares about accessibility. The distributor might also care about easy to transport and simplicity. So each of these people have a certain specific need. And what this does is it allows us to address the needs of all the people involved in the process of using the system. So as this gets finalized, you can see some more drawings, some more renderings of the product. You can see it is situated in the room, this is how it can appear in the room and you can move again, you can move this way. And you can also move this way and this way, right? So it shows how the final design is located within the patient room. And this is the process of how it can be use. So you can see that there's a controller. That controller looks like this, it's move from the wall, the nurse sort of carries it over. It's dragged over, it's attached to the patient, so the harness is attached to the patient. Then the control is operated again, and as you move forward you can start then moving this system along with the patient to the location that you might need. Now here in this case, you can see that the patient is moved to on to a new surface, it's on the bed. And then the harness system can then be taken back and reattached to the wall. So this entire process shows how the systems is detailed out, how it attaches to the patient room. And how the nurse can use it to actually move the patient from one location to another location. And phase 7, this is the last phase in the design process, this is to implement the innovation. What happened in this phase is actually a prototype is built. A model is built which can be tested by people, who can test it out, can try it out, to see if it's safe, it's secure, if it actually does, what it is supposed to do. So here you can see an individual inside the harnes system. Other things that happen along with the prototype that can be tested is the naming, the branding of the product as well. Here, you see four different logos for the product and final name of the product was Orbis. You can see how variations have been tried to select the final variation. You can also see in this diagram engineering details, which are all the components that might be needed to make the system really work. So you can see in this case, all the lateral rails that you can see over here, some of the shells, the main housing for the product. The band that goes around it, this is some of the track system. These are the controls, so all the components that are needed for the final design to be implemented are existing there as an engineering solution. And you can see this gives significant amount of detail that allow us to implement the final solution. So what we have seen in this presentation is the complete design process from phase 1 which is identifying problems to phase 7 which is implementing the final innovation. I hope this has been useful. I hope it's been helpful in understanding how the design process unfolds. Again, there's a significant amount of ambiguity in the beginning. But as you get closer to the end, as you get from phase 1 to phase 7, some of these details are figured out. And it becomes a lot ambiguous by the end of the process. Thank you.
