3. Metabolic responses to exercise

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Del curso dictado por Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Biochemical Principles of Energy Metabolism

16 calificaciones

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Biochemical Principles of Energy Metabolism

16 calificaciones

Everyone knows that energy is essential for sustaining life. How can you define energy in life? Have ever thought about ways of how carbohydrates like glucose from your diet can be used for extracting energy? A scientific field that focuses on energy production and flow though living cells and organisms is called bioenergetics. Energy metabolism covers various biochemical ways of energy transformation and regulatory mechanisms of over thousands chemical reactions. Without fine control of those metabolic processes, cells and organisms cannot maintain activities linked to life. This 7 week-course will give you a clear introduction to the basic fundamentals of energy metabolism. We will first establish the concept of energy metabolism and subsequently examine biochemical steps involved in energy production from glucose oxdiation as well as glucose synthesis via photosynthesis. We will also learn about metabolic reactions related to fat as well as regulatory actions among different organs. Finally, dysregulated energy metabolism in pathological conditions such as diabetes and cancer will be discussed. Everyone knows that energy is essential for sustaining life. How can you define energy in life? Have ever thought about ways of how carbohydrates like glucose from your diet can be used for extracting energy? A scientific field that focuses on energy production and flow though living cells and organisms is called bioenergetics. Energy metabolism covers various biochemical ways of energy transformation and regulation of thousands of chemical reactions. Without fine regulation of those metabolic processes, cells and organisms cannot maintain activities linked to life. This 7 week-course will give you a clear introduction to the basic fundamentals of energy metabolism. We will first establish the concept of energy metabolism and subsequently examine biochemical processes involved in energy production as well as photosynthesis. We will also learn about metabolic reactions related to fa as well as regulatory actions among different organs. Finally, dysregulated energy metabolism in pathological conditions such as diabetes and cancer will be discussed.

De la lección

Module 7: Energy Homeostasis in your body

1. Metabolic responses to starvation9:25

2. Stress and energy metabolism9:04

3. Metabolic responses to exercise8:32

4. Alcohol consumption and energy metabolism9:20

5. Cancer & energy metabolism10:02

6. Microbiota and energy metabolism15:01

Conoce a los instructores

Seyun Kim
Assistant Professor
Department of Biological Sciences

Hello, everyone. Welcome back to my Coursera class,

Biochemical Principles of Energy Metabolism.

This is the third session of week seven.

And this is about exercise.

So exercise is one of the most effective ways to manage metabolic syndromes,

including obesity and diabetes.

So this is very clear.

You know, exercise is kind of medicine.

Its very very important.

And in particular, this area,

exercise physiology and exercise and

related bioenergetics is kind of one of active area of investigation.

So let me begin with the lactic acid fermentation.

So just think about the chronic,

sorry about that not chronic.

On a short term, anaerobic strenuous exercise, right.

And during those anaerobic exercise, ATP, unstored ATP,

and stored creatine phosphate was too high energy

containing molecules are regularly used up.

Exhausted in 7-10 seconds of

continuous strong muscular activity and the metabolic processes,

it's like this: So,

glucose molecules will be oxidized,

integrated through the glycolysis and pyruvate produced, right.

So, in a normal situation,

normal oxygen, in which situation,

those two pyruvates are fully oxidized

into CO2 and many many many ATP molecules, right.

That is a cellular respiration.

But the issue is those anaerobic condition under the strong muscular activities.

Those two pyruvates will be regenerated and

rather oxidized back into the lactic acid.

And the main reason for this process called the lactic acid fermentation, the NADH,

those reducing power will be consumed and then NAD+ oxidize form will be regenerated.

And without NAD+ concentration,

glucose cannot continuously integrate it.

So to make sure the glycolytic rate is highly

maintained in side of muscular tissue, skeletal muscular tissue,

this pyruvate instead of being fully oxidized into CO2 and OHP molecules rather,

these pyruvate molecules transformed into lactic acid.

All right. And then,

when the lactic acid is a typically and highly accumulated inside the skeletal muscles,

people can feel muscle fatigue and muscle pain.

This is still very fundamental metabolic process

in response to muscular exercise activity.

And then, bio energetically,

what's going to happen to those lactate?

And those lactate produced and accumulated inside the muscle will be released,

will be inside the muscle.

A lactate will be accumulated and they're released into

bloodstream and those lactate transported into liver,

to keep organ for metabolic reactions in your body.

And then these lactates getting back to glucose molecules,

and and these glucose molecules will be released and back to the skeletal muscle, right.

So what is the main goal of these metabolic cycle so-called Cori Cycle.

It's very clear, right.

So lactic acid, a product from a muscle fermentation and those lactate will be

re-utilized to drive more glucose production to make sure skeletal muscles

have enough glucose to sustain high activity, okay.

This is concept of Cori Cycle.

The inter organ biochemical relationship between muscle and liver

to maintain and to sustain enough glucose nutrient levels.

So exercise is quite complicated,

adaptive physiologic responses in many tissues,

in brain and in many peripheral tissues.

And overall, a reasonable amount of

exercise can increase insulin sensitivity and decrease lower blood pressure

and trigger demobilizers of fats and reduce inflammation

and stimulate your mood and

cognition and even motor functions are will be enhanced, magically.

And that is the power of exercise.

So biochemically, what's going to happen actually indeed, in this case,

in particular skeletal muscle,

and again this area of exercise biology

or physiology is one of active area of investigation right now.

And so I'm going to give you like a fundamental biochemical changes.

So exercise, so inside

our skeletal muscle tissues intracellular calcium ions will be increased created because

the neural triggering stimulate the activation

of the release of calcium

from the [inaudible] remembering compartment of skeletal muscles into cytosol.

So when calcium levels going up,

and calcium-dependent protein kinase will be activated.

And on the other hand,

so during the exercise,

ATP will be consumed, right.

Muscle contraction consume a lot of ATP.

So ADP and AMP levels will be increased.

In that case, AMP dependent protein kinase called the AMP kinase will be

activated and this one cancel dependent protein kinase activated.

And also, very importantly,

the intracellular redox molecules like NAD+ will be increased because

NADH level will be lowered to drive more ATP synthesis,

instead NAD+ will be increased.

In that case, very interesting enzyme called the sirtuin,

this is NAD+-dependent deacetylase.

And those sensors, metabolic signalling factors

are activated and overall they regulate metabolic enzymes and

the gene expression profiles of target tissues and then drive

the metabolic adaptations like

fatty acid oxidation or stimulation and then increase of mitochondrial biogenesis.

This is very important biochemical aspects of exercise

dependent processes and those

are indeed very very important for mediating exercise dependent physiologic responses.

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