This graph depicts the five different functional groups
that make a sanitation system,
in order to safely use a toilet,
collect, store, convey, treat and use or dispose each sanitation product.
A sanitation system is always built using technologies
from these five different functional groups.
But remember,
not every system requires a technology from each functional group.
This systematic thinking can help us to organise and plan
the most appropriate system for a given context.
During an acute humanitarian crisis,
it is not always possible to implement
a complete sanitation system from the beginning.
We learned about the Sphere minimal standards
that help us to understand the minimum requirements of excreta management
during an acute humanitarian crisis.
The first goal is to create an environment free from human faeces
in order to prevent the spread of fecal oral diseases
such as diarrhea, typhus, and cholera.
The second goal is to provide toilet facilities
in order for all affected people to have adequate,
appropriate and acceptable toilets that are safe and secure to use.
The case study from Liberia presented an example of safe containment of excreta
with liquid waste that is contaminated with Ebola.
There, we also saw that safe sanitation goes beyond toilets
and that safe conveyance and treatment are crucial.
The video also displayed the key importance of community involvement
and awareness raising during such an intervention.
As there is no one-size-fits-all solution to sanitation
and there is a high variability of different contexts,
we looked at the criteria that influenced the selection
of the most appropriate sanitation system for a given context.
For this, we need to consider the properties of the natural,
built and enabling environments
in order to make a well-informed choice.
In the second part of the week,
we got to know different suitable sanitation technologies
for an acute humanitarian response
as well as collection, storage and treatment technologies.
We saw how they work;
and what are their advantages and disadvantages are.
If you want to learn more about different sanitation technologies,
I would recommend our other EAWAG online course on sanitation planning
as well as reading the compendium of sanitation systems and technologies
and other literature by other institutions.
You will find these links on the course page.
One example of the technology in the field
was seen in the case study of prisons in Rwanda.
There, biogas toilets were implemented;
and the gas from the biogas toilets is used for cooking in the prison.
If you want to learn more about sanitation in humanitarian crisis,
please check out the literature mentioned on the course page.
I hope you learned a lot this week
and are excited to test a new knowledge in your working environment.
Let's provide improved sanitation
like done in the picture behind me, in Ivory Coast.
So if you have any questions or feedbacks,
if you want to let us know about something,
please get back to us on the forum
and let us know your thoughts.
Thank you very much for your attention during this week;
and I hope to see you again.