关于本课程 为了解释全球化是如何重构公共政策和再塑社会行为，我们将研究不同的政治、经济行为体、研究各类——公共或私人，个体或集体——社会行为体，并着眼关注到它们之间的交流和互动作用，这些行为体正在重构着国际关系。 本课程以法国社会学和历史学视角来研究国际关系。同时也提供英语版本(www.coursera.org/learn/global-studies/)、法语版本(www.coursera.org/learn/espace-mondial-fr/)和阿拉伯语版本(www.coursera.org/learn/espace-mondial-ar/)。
多功能的非政府组织
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Del curso dictado por Sciences Po
世界空间、法国视角下的国际研究
4 calificaciones
De la lección
世界行为体
民族-国家已经不再是仅有的国际行为体。许多团体和七十亿个体均成为了当今国际体系的新的潜在行为者。
Conoce a los instructores
Bertrand BadieProfessor
Marie-Françoise DurandProfessor
[MUSIC]
>> Let's now take into account some examples of these known
state actors and their role on the international scene.
We could choose any kind of actors, of course,
international, transnational media.
We know the role played by CNN during, for instance, the Gulf War.
We know also the role played by Al Jazeera in shaping the Arab Spring.
And we can find also many other examples which
are giving a clear evidence of the transnational role
of this international, transnational media.
We could also take the example of religious actors and
churches, and religion entrepreneurs.
But we have a special chapter devoted to religious issues and
so I will be able to go back to this question.
Let's consider now two important, predominant non-state actors,
multinational corporations and NGOs.
What is a multinational corporation?
It's a firm which has multiple settings in different countries, but
a strategic unity.
We know that this multinational corporation have a turnover
which is even bigger than a developed country GNP.
Exxon has a turnover which is equivalent to the Denmark or Finland GNP.
For these reasons and many others,
multinational corporation have to be considered now as a non-state actors,
as a predominant international and merit its transnational actors.
First of all, because of its capacity of pressure on the governments.
Second, because of the capacity of promoting
their own participation in the international life,
through negotiation with governments, for instance.
You have also to take into account their capacity of ruling the areas
they are using for their own production, like for instance, oil company in Africa.
We have also to consider their capacity of shaping public policies,
transforming international and global public policies.
But I would like to stress on one aspect, which is probably the most surprising one.
That's to say, the capacity of multinational corporation
of treating as equal partners with sovereign state for
sentencing, and also ordering them to pay in case of investment disputes.
Let's consider the famous institution,
which means international center for the settlement of investment dispute.
This institution, which deepens on the World Bank,
is equally composed of states,
sovereign states, and multinational firms.
And multinational firms are able to
defeat states in very famous cases.
I will give you some examples.
First one, The Tobacco Company, made Uruguay,
the state of Uruguay sentence to fine and pay damage,
when the Uruguayan government decided to restrict tobacco consumption,
a multinational corporation who defeat a state in its Sovereign decision.
Another example is after the famous,
well-known Argentinian collapse in 2001,
2002, 29 cases against Argentine,
were registered by foreign investors who
complained of damage caused by the economic
measures adopted by the Argentinian government.
That's to say in our global world now,
the distinction between private and
public actors is blurring.
The distinction between state and non-state actors is blurring.
The real meaning of sovereignty is fading.
What is a sovereign state,
when it can be condemned by a private actor?
Now if we move to NGOs,
that's to say non-governmental organization,
we have first to take into account that since 1960,
we have a number of NGOs which is multiplied by 10.
In the meantime, all the NGOs, which are present and
are created, in the United Nations,
is growing from 15 just after the war,
up to 3,000 now in the famous ECOSOC,
where they are sitting, acting,
playing a very, very important role.
That's to say, NGOs are now considered as official as real international actors.
And there are accomplishing many new functions, which are more and
more crucial in the international present dynamics.
I would take some example.
First, NGOs are more and more structured and
rooted in the different countries around the world.
If you take into account, for instance, Amnesty International,
Amnesty International is really rooted in more than 160 countries around the world.
This is probably a new kind of diversification
of this new actors everywhere around the world.
Second function, the NGOs are playing a function of advocacy.
That's to say, they are more and more appealing to the public opinion,
to the international public opinion that I mentioned, giving information.
And now thanks to the NGOs, public opinion is more and
more informed about what is currently happening in the international arena.
But it's also able by this advocacy function
to push some protests, to push some demands,
and to make pressure on government for
transforming their own laws or for
triggering new kinds of national public policies.
Third function, the role played by NGOs for
the international development.
The role of NGOs in development is clearly substituted to the states,
which are less and less keen to participate in
the international effort for world development.
Fourth function, participating in the international debate.
NGOs are at the first round of this new international debate,
when the state diplomacy leads nation states to be more discreet,
or sometimes absent, in international forums and the international debates.
Fifth function, which is the fact finding function.
Fact finding function is something very important.
That's to say because they are rooted, because they are structured,
because they are involved international societies,
NGOs are well-informed about the situation in every country around the world,
and even in authoritarian societies and authoritarian nation states.
And are able to transmit this information.
If you take into account, for instance, the Amnesty International yearbook,
you will find they're probably the most achieved,
the most completed yearbook that we can find in the world for
giving the present situation of human rights around the world.
All the dictators are really fearing of this kind of publication and
know that through this kind of publication, all the world
are now aware of what their account are currently doing in their own country.
And the last function, which is more and more important too, is writing norms.
Writing norms means that international law is not only written by states,
but are more and more written also by NGOs.
If you take into account, for instance, the Rome Treaty,
Rome Convention, which was creating the International Criminal Court.
These things was partly written by some human rights NGOs,
like Human Rights Watch or the International Federation of Human Rights,
or also Amnesty International.
If you take into account the famous Ottawa Convention on the anti-personnel mines,
you will see that this text has been mainly written by Handicap International,
which is as you know, a specialized NGO in this field.
That's why now NGOs are playing the role
which would be similar to the role played by
bourgeoisie in the 18th century Europe,
when appeared what Jurgen Habermas called public space.
There is now, through this new activity of NGOs,
a kind of international public space, which is organized by
these private actors which are much
more able to act freely than the states are.
And that's why while the state diplomacy is not able to promote,
more and more NGOs are able to do through their own action and
through their own networks.
That's why I would say that NGOs are now a kind of substitute
state which are limited in their activity and their capacity.
Of course, the situation is much more complex.
And NGOs are limited in their actions by many constraints.
NGOs are also structured by a kind of illegal key.
Sometime this illegal key is very close to the states, and
especially in the authoritarian regimes, governments are promoted,
NGOs which are controlled by the political actors,
and which are considered as GONGO, government oriented NGOs.
That's to say, manipulated, instrumentalized by
the political actors and by authoritarian regimes.
Of course, there is also a frame of funding these NGOs.
Who are those who are funding these NGOs?
Are they free actors, or are they themselves controlled by a power,
which would limit the power of these NGOs?
But in any case, now we know that these kinds of
actors have to be considered as one of the major
players of the international arena.
[MUSIC]
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