Afin d’expliquer comment la mondialisation reconstruit les politiques publiques et les comportements sociaux nous étudions les échanges et interactions entre les acteurs politiques, économiques et sociaux -publics et privés, individuels et collectifs- et la façon dont ils redessinent les relations internationales. Ce cours prend sa source dans les approches sociologique et historique françaises des relations internationales. This course is also available in english version: www.coursera.org/learn/global-studies
Les dilemmes des agendas internationaux
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Del curso dictado por Sciences Po
Espace mondial, une vision française des global studies
calificaciones
De la lección
Guerre et paix
La spécificité des nouveaux conflits internationaux implique de nouveaux traitements.
Conoce a los instructores
Bertrand BadieProfessor
Marie-Françoise DurandProfessor
How to face the new international conflicts?
That’s the question.
How to manage them?
How to contain their threat?
How to try to solve them?
These questions are very tough
and the present political actors
nor the diplomats are really able
to bring very serious
and new answers to these questions,
and this is probably why we are not really
able to rule our new world.
If there are new conflicts,
it’s because there is a new kind
of international violence,
it’s no more a political,
a classical interstate violence,
but an international violence
which is coming from societies,
which is produced by social actors.
If we want to take into account
these new international conflicts,
to have a new vision
and a more efficient vision to these conflicts,
we have to give priority
to the social parameters,
and to leave aside
the classical interstate parameters.
We have to go back to the main factor
of these new conflicts,
that’s to say the lack of social integration.
This new violence takes place
where social integration is weak, takes place
where the human development indicators
are particularly low.
If you compare the map of conflicts,
of new conflicts and the map
of human development integration,
you will see the coincidence;
you will see that the same zones are at stake.
So we have to focus
on this lack of social integration,
we have to understand
why there is such a poor social integration,
why the traditional social links
are no more working.
The main point
is to consider these new conflicts
as leading to war societies,
as I briefly mentioned in my previous lecture.
What is a war society?
A war society is first of all
a society in which war is lasting.
If you look at the present conflicts,
could you imagine that the conflict in the
Democratic Republic of Congo is 55 years old?
The Somalia conflict is 30 years old.
The Afghanistan conflict is 40 years old?
That’s to say we are facing
a new kind of conflict in which people,
the major part of the population,
don’t have never lived in a peaceful situation,
in which people were born during war,
grew up during war, and died during war,
that’s to say
war is getting the trivial situation
of their daily life.
This is the first characteristic
of the new conflicts and of the war society.
War society is also a society
in which the institutional integration is low,
that’s to say a society
in which state doesn’t work,
a society in which social contract doesn’t work,
in a society which is deprived of state authority
and which is deprived of social contract
has to find other kinds of authority.
In a war society, warlords and militias
are providing the minimal authority,
which is needed for a working
and an efficient society.
The third and the most important point
is a war society, is a society in which
the human needs are satisfied by war,
that’s to say: food security, health security,
education, socialization, respect,
dignity are provided by war.
This seems to be a paradox,
it’s a terrible paradox,
but how can we explain the success
of mobilizing child soldiers
if we don’t take these factors not into account?
That’s to say if so many children go to militia,
go to army in these new international conflicts,
it’s because they know they will be able
to find food, to find shelters,
to find dignity and respect
in participating into the militias,
that is an awful and dreadful situation,
but however it’s now a common situation.
That’s to say this war society
is reorganizing the social links
around the world,
war is providing economy,
war is providing social security,
social solidarity,
war is providing social status,
what the current and traditional society
is not able to do.
That’s why now
containing the new international conflicts
implies to substitute to these war societies
a real civil society.
The question is simple: How to move
from a war society to a civil society?
How to contain these transformations
of societies into war societies?
Is it by using military instrument?
The experience has shown
that military instrument is powerless
for containing these transformations,
and even, military instrument
is worsening the situation.
If you mobilize, if you use military instrument
against war societies,
you fuel the war society,
you reinforce the war society.
War societies need to be fought
through the military instrument
for reinforcing its own legitimacy
and its own authority structure.
So the ways are double.
First of all: reinventing diplomacy.
Diplomacy has to invent new instruments,
new visions,
new visions, which would be able
to include the social parameters
instead of ignoring them,
and a new diplomacy which would be able
to bridge with non-state actors,
instead of deciding that there is no way
for talking with non-state actors.
It’s exactly the contrary,
as we are facing new kinds of conflicts,
our first priority must be to find a way
for bridging relations
with these non-state actors,
for creating, initiating
a new kind of negotiation,
and of transaction with them.
And the second way is to consider
that new international conflicts
imply social treatment.
If the new factor of war
is to be found in the social reality,
the solution is also to be found
in the social reality.
That’s to say, it’s through a transformation
of those pathologic societies
that we have a chance to find a solution,
or a beginning of solution.
If the lack of social integration
is the real factor
of the new international conflicts,
we have to work on the conditions
of social integration
and to find a way to the new conditions
of reinventing social links,
reinventing social civil society.
It is through this reinvention of civil society
that we will be able to solve
this very dreadful sequence of our history.
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