There's a special ethnic group you may be familiar with, because you could often see them in costume dramas, Man nationality, because it's closely related to the last imperial dynasty of China, Qing dynasty. Man nationality has a history of nearly 1,400 years. Tracing back to the Sui 581-618, and Tang 618-907 dynasties. Arising from the Jurchen tribes and establishing the Jin dynasty, 1115-1234, and the Qing dynasty, 1644-1911. The Man people have greatly influenced Chinese history. Man nationality, who is also called Manchu have lived mainly in Northeast China for centuries. Since the 17th century, they began to rule China for more than 250 years. The term Manchu dates back to the 16th century, but it is certain that the Manchu under their names had lived in Northeastern Manchuria, Northeastern China now, in prehistoric times. In early Chinese records, they were known as the Donghui or Eastern Barbarians. In the 3rd century BC, they were called Sushen or Yilou. In the 4th to 7th centuries AD, they were referred to as Wuji or Momo. In the 10th century AD, as Jurchen, Nuzhen in Pinyin. The Jurchen established an important kingdom in Manchuria, Northeast China now, and by AD 1115 their dynasty, Jin in Chinese, had secured control of the whole of the Northeast China. The kingdom was annihilated by the Mongols in 1234, and the surviving Jurchen were driven back to Manchuria in the Northeast. Three centuries later, the descendants of these Jurchen, again came into prominence. But before long, they changed their name Jurchen for Manchu. They regained control of Manchuria in China and then conquered Beijing in 1644. By 1680, the Manchu had gained complete control over all parts of China, under the name of the Qing dynasty. On December 7th, 1952, it was renamed as Man nationality, one of 55 ethnic groups. Today, we will learn about Man nationality on different aspects. In 2010, the Man nationality, the fourth largest ethnic group in China, has a population of 10,387,958 based on the 6th national census of 2010. The Man people mainly live in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces of Northern China. In 1990, Yunnan was recognized as one of the residence areas of Man nationality in China. The population of Manchu people in Yunnan amounted to 13,490 in 2010, accounting for around 0.09 percent of the total population of ethnic minorities in Yunnan. Man people mainly lived in Kunming, Qujin, Dali, and Gejiu and Baoshan. They lived in mingled communities with people from other nationalities. [MUSIC]Many man people excelled in various industries in Yunnan. Shuigouwa, Man natural village and northwest of Baoshan where 72 percent people, around 300 are the Man nationality, is also called number one village of Man in Yunnan. The photos of Man's family were taken by Sun Dahong in Shuiwagou village in 2011. [MUSIC] In terms of language, nowadays, Man people in Yunnan mainly speak Chinese, but you can see signs written in the Man language in the village. In the 16th century, the written language of the Man people was a Mongolia-based script with dots following the distinctive characters. The Man language is part of the Tungus-Manchu group, a branch of Altaic phylum. As the Man people migrated from the north to central China, they learned and adopted the dominant Han Chinese language. Today, only elders in remote regions of Heilongjiang Province know and use the ancestral language. The Banner system (Baqi) was a military organization used by the Manchu tribes of Manchuria, now Northeast China to conquer and control China in the 17th century. It was developed by the Manchu leader Nurhaci (1559-1626), who organized his warriors into four companies of 300 men each in 1601. The companies were distinguished by banners of different colors, yellow, red, white, and blue. In 1615 four more banners were added, using the same colors bordered in red, and the red banner being bordered in white[MUSIC]. You may be familiar with Man's costumes and hairstyles owing to the popularity of imperial dramas of Qing Dynasty in recent years. Traditionally, women wore hair pins, earrings and a one-piece dress with a collar called the Cheongsam (Qipao) in the early Qing Dynasty. The dress was collarless and had narrow cuffs in the shape of horse hooves. People usually coiled up their cuffs and then rolled them down to the back of their hands when hunting and battling, or when they wanted to keep their hands warm. Later, influenced by Han people's clothes, featured big collars and wide sleeves, their costumes were changing. The horse-hoof cuffs gradually evolved into bell-mouth ones. Shoes of Man nationality were quite different, they were adapted for beauty after Qing Dynasty. There were two types of shoes, high heels and flat shoes. The high heels were called Qixie or Cunzi shoes, which are unique to Man nationality. The heel (Cunzi) were attached to the middle of the sole, and the height ranged from three-12 centimeters. Man women's hairstyle (Qitou) were quite special, including Liangbatou, most common one and Dalachi later in formal occasions. The hairstyle was designed to meet the needs of affording more ornaments on the hair, usually flowers and precious stones, which was not an easy burden for beauty. This is a picture of Empress Dowager Cixi and the princesses in Qing Dynasty. Women also wore ornaments to decorate their nails, which you were usually made of precious metal, gold or silver. They wore the ornaments on their ring fingers and the little fingers on both hands. In addition, pouch were the most common accessory for both men and a women. Men's costume composed of a hat, a long gown, trousers, a Mandarin jacket or a waistcoat, and a pair of boots. The long gowns were mostly blue, gray or green. In the Qing Dynasty, men plaited their hair on the left side and shaved off the hair around their foreheads. But nowadays, the custom was abandoned. Because Qing was the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history and it's ruling lasted for more than 200 years. Man's dressing actually had a significant impact on China's modern fashion trend such as the Cheongsam, Qipao and Chinese suit, Tangzhuang. The original Manchurian female garment was loose and a wide, covering most of the woman's body except for the head, hands and toes. It was a loose filling, straight bottomed and a broad sleeved. The lower hem of women's Qipao reached the calves and had embroidered flowery patterns on it. Now the Cheongsam, Qipao becomes a traditional Chinese dress for women. Based on Manchurian female garment, it developed quickly and it was very popular from 1912 to 1949. With time, the style of the Cheongsam began to change and it became more closely fit people's bodies. More Western elements began to be added to Chinese clothes. The hem became shorter, the collar became smaller, and it began to follow the woman's figure. The style of short hem and a small collar gradually formed during this time and has changed a little since. It's main characteristics are the Mandarin collar, fitted waist, Chinese knotted buttons, hemmed to slits on two sides and a tailored form fit. It is usually made from satin brocade, silk or cotton. Some are even beautifully embroidered. The Cheongsam can be worn in both formal occasions and daily life. In formal situations, a suit must be made up good textile with bright colors, decent designs, a comparatively traditional style, and patterns as well as delicate workmanship. When wearing it, people should do that all the buttons and have certain hairstyles and makeup. For instance, at Chinese weddings, many brides choose to wear red Cheongsam, when toasting with guests. Fashionable but delicate dresses are chosen by women who intend to attend banquets. For daily wear, there are no specific requirements. You can choose your favorite. When wearing a Cheongsam a few simple accessories are suggested. Too many accessories may detract from the clothes beauty. Literally, Tang suit means Chinese clothes. In the Tang Dynasty, 618 to 907. But the modern version bears no relationship. With the clothes of the Tang Dynasty, is that it evolved from the Magua of the Qing Dynasty, 1644-1911. Combining traditional Chinese elements with western solid cutting methods. It's basic style includes a Mandarin collar, front opening, and knotted Chinese buttons. Shoulder pads are inserted for better fit. The traditional Chinese coat evolves from a Manchu clothing. It became famous because it was worn by leaders from different countries at APEC meetings in 2001 and 2014. From then on, this new clothing has been regarded as Chinese Tang suit, and it has enjoyed a great popularity among both Chinese and overseas people. The Man people have a distinctive cuisine with typical dishes that include Chaffy dish, sour soup, blood sausage, and bobo, a type of steamed cake. In Man culture, people avoid eating meat of dog or any product derived from dog, because dogs were regarded as their most important partner, especially in their early livelihood hunting. Traditional festivals of the Man were similar to those of the Han people, such as the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, and the Mid-Autumn Festival. Banjin, originally referred to the day when Man's leader Huang Taiji changed the name of Jurchen to Manchu on 13th of the 10th lunar month in 1663. Now, Banjin festival had become the most important festival for Man nationality. Ancient Man people believed in Shamanism, which advocated the worship of nature and various gods and ghosts. When suffering from illnesses and disasters, Man people practice witchcraft such as killing animals, and offering sacrifices to ghosts. Later, under the influence of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, their beliefs became diversified. It is quite common to see statues of Bodhisattva, Guan Yu, and other gods positioned in Man houses for blessings. Man people made great contributions on various aspects of art and literature during the reign of Qing Dynasty such as Cao Xueqin with Dream of Red Mansions, and Nalan Xingde who was one of the best known poet of Ci lyrics of the Qing Dynasty. You can explore more exquisite works in a famous Palace Museum. Nowadays, most of the Man's folk songs and dances were closely with their language and costumes. Also, they were good at paper cutting and embroidery. After learning about the history and achievements of the Man nationality, and their influence on Chinese culture, you must have been impressed by their ethnic morality of constant learning, willingness to innovate, and a love of beauty. Thanks for watching.
