[MUSIC] Hello everyone. Welcome to my lecture in 1933, a British writer James Hilton introduced Shangri La in his novel Lost Horizon. After the publication of the novel, the words of Shangri La came to fascinate the English speaking world and then enjoying worldwide popularity. The novel is not real by the Shangri La is like the worst garden of Eden. Shangri La is a magical place, which signifies a beautiful earthly paradise, peaceful and permitted with love and happiness. As a Tibetan words, Shangri La means sun and moon in the heart, in the land of sacredness and the peace. There has been a long debate over the location of Shangri La after years of investigation, exploration and argumentation is by groups of natural scientists, anthropologists, and geographers. On September 14th 1997, the people's government of Yunnan Province announced that Shangri La had been found in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture formally now as Zhongdian County. It is the capital of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. Shangri La is unique for its Tibetan culture and alpine landscape, including snow capped mountains and the spectacular, gorgeous there live the hardworking and brave Tibetan people. Today please follow me to learn about the Tibetan people living in Yunnan. We are going to learn from the following aspects habitats and the population, language, living environment, diet costumes, housing, etiquettes and the taboos, marriage and family life, religion, funeral customs, traditional festivals, literature and art and the ancient tea horse road. The Tibetan ethnic group with a long history in western china is mainly distributed in Tibetan Autonomous Region and the parts of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. In Yunnan, the Tibetans mainly live in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, a few scattered in Lijiang, Lanping, Gongshan and other countries. According to 2010 population census, there are 142,257 Tibetans in Yunnan province. The Tibetan language belongs to the Tibetan Burmese language branch of the Sino Tibetan language family and has both spoken and written forms. It is divided into three dialects, Way Tibetan, Ando and Kang. The language used by the Tibetans in Yunnan is the Kang dialect. Due to the different settlements, the pronunciation is slightly different, but the language is the same. In the 7th century, With the introduction of Buddhism, the Tibetan ancestors created Tibetan alphabet by referring to Sanskrit. After constant revision and improvement, it became the Tibetan language used up to now. Located in the northwest of Yunnan province, the heart of the Hengduan Mountains, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture lies at the junction of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet and is the hinterland of the Three Parallel Rivers of the Yunnan Protected Area. It provides the only passed from Yunnan to Tibet. In addition to Tibetans, ethnic groups such as Lisu, Han, Naxi, Bai, Yi, Hui, Pumi and Miao live here. They have different religions, but the living harmony with their own distinct cultures. The terrain of Diqing is high in the north and the low in the South. There are more than 100 snow peaks like Meili Snow Mountain Yunling Snow Mountain range and Zhongdian Big snow mountain range, which are above the attitude of 4000 meters among them Kawagbo, the main peak of Meili snow mountain is the highest peak in Yunnan with the attitude of 6740 meters. Under the influence of terrain, landform and the climate, three ecological environments are vertically distributed, including a cold alpine climate, a warm mid temperate monsoon climate and humid and hot North subtropical monsoon climate. As a result Diqing boasts abundant bio resources and mineral resources. The Tibetan people in Yunnan live a life of half farming and half grazing, mainly in agriculture and animal husbandry. They raise yaks, cattle, sheep and grow corn, rice, wheat, beans and other crops. The unique location and the climate constitute the Tibetan people's special eating habits. The diet is mainly based on meat and milk supplemented by highland barley, wheat, beans and so on. Tibetan people like to drink buttered tea and the Qingke wine. They eat Zanba, yak, beef, dried meat, milk residue and various Tibetan pastries. Zanba is an important Tibetan food. The basic step is to mix the fried barley flour with butter and water and then make them into Zanba. Buttered Tea is a mixture of brick tea, salt and butter. Usually, Tibetans put tea in the long wooden tube add salt and butter and then eat it with Zanba. If you enter any Tibetan home, you will smell the strong aroma of buttered tea. Dried meat is a kind of food with Tibetan flavor. In early winter, the beef and the mutton are cut into small strips hung in a cool and ventilated place, frozen and dried gradually and naturally. It's not until February and March of next year that the dried meat can be prepared to it. Qingke wine is an important drink for the Tibetans. It is made directly with highland valley and is indispensable for festivals. In Tibetan area men and women old and young all like to drink Qingke Wine. Tibetans are hospitable people who regard the coming of guests as an auspicious sign, just like the arrival of the phoenix. If you visit them, you will be served with Qingke Wine buttered tea and dried meat. The unique geographical environment, climate and the religious belief of the Tibetan people created a distinctive dress style that resonates with the unique culture. The traditional Tibetan costumes are famous for their colors and ornaments and has many styles including long sleeve shirts with high collars, loose cloth trousers with wide waistlines, long sleeve leather robes or cloth robes, sleeveless robes, long or short sleeveless jackets etc. There are also accessory like aprons, belts, boots and hats. Materials and workmanship of clothes vary from region to region. Men in Diqing usually wear a high collar shirt with right forepart gold and silver edge, which is called Dui Tong and wear Chuba outside. Silver knife, Tibetan wallet and amulet box are their favorite ornaments. Usually they wear gold rimmed hats and the long leather boots, Wu La boots or Tibetan boots. Because of regional differences, women's clothing in highland villages of Diqing is dominated by full skirt, while in other regions, women like to wear long sleeve Tibetan robe, long Sleeveless jackets and aprons with gold and silver lace. Tibetans like to wear various kinds of ornaments which can be found in their hair on the neck, chest, ears and the waist. They are mainly made of natural materials and precious metals such as honey, wax, pine stone, coral, gold and silver. Nowadays, Tibetan costumes is gradually influenced by external factors. Many Tibetans families have added modern clothes to their wardrobes. However, during festivals, Tibetans were their traditional dress to show their vitality and the culture. Under the blue sky and white clouds, the colorful costumes recreate a unique ethnic flavor. In a long period of production and the life, the Tibetan people learned and absorbed the architectural advantages of the Bai, Naxi and other ethnic groups and formed their own unique housing style. There are mainly two types of folk dwellings. One is the ridge roofed board house in the plateau damn area. With more rainfall and snow, the houses of earth and wood structure, and generally built in two or three floors. The walls around the house was made of earth, and the interval of the house is made of wood. The roof ridge is covered with wood and oppressed with stone, and there is a large space between the ceiling and the roof ridge, which can store a lot of grass for herding. The bottom floor is used for the domestic animals and the storage. There are bedrooms, living room, Buddhist hall are on the upper floor. The sitting room is a place for dining and family activities. Another type is Tibetan style earthen blockhouse in river Valley. Generally, there are three floors, sometimes four or five floors. The bottom floor is usually used for horses and other domestic animals. The kitchen, bedrooms and the storerooms are on the second floor, and the third floor is used as Buddhist hall and the guest rooms. All the walls around the house was built with earth and stone. The roof is rammed flat with soil mud and the gravels to fall, earth palm platform, which can be used for sunning, threshing and the night rest. [MUSIC]
