This course explores Javascript based front-end application development, and in particular the React library (Currently Ver. 16.3). This course will use JavaScript ES6 for developing React application. You will also get an introduction to the use of Reactstrap for Bootstrap 4-based responsive UI design. You will be introduced to various aspects of React components. You will learn about React router and its use in developing single-page applications. You will also learn about designing controlled forms. You will be introduced to the Flux architecture and Redux. You will explore various aspects of Redux and use it to develop React-Redux powered applications. You will then learn to use Fetch for client-server communication and the use of REST API on the server side. A quick tour through React animation support and testing rounds off the course. You must have preferably completed the previous course in the specialization on Bootstrap 4, or have a working knowledge of Bootstrap 4 to be able to navigate this course. Also a good working knowledge of JavaScript, especially ES 5 is strongly recommended. At the end of this course you will: - Be familiar with client-side Javascript application development and the React library - Be able to implement single page applications in React - Be able to use various React features including components and forms - Be able to implement a functional front-end web application using React - Be able to use Reactstrap for designing responsive React applications - Be able to use Redux to design the architecture for a React-Redux application
Fetch
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Del curso dictado por The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Front-End Web Development with React
31 calificaciones
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
31 calificaciones
Curso 2 de 4 en SpecializationFull-Stack Web Development with React
De la lección
More Redux and Client-Server Communication
In this module you will explore Redux further including Redux action, combining reducers, and Redux thunk, client-server communication using Fetch and the REST API. You will get a brief introduction to animation in React. You will also learn about testing, building and deploying React applications.
Conoce a los instructores
Jogesh K. MuppalaAssociate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
[MUSIC]
In the previous lesson,
we have already briefly learned about client server communication,
the HTTP protocol that is used for clients over communication, and REST API.
We have also set up a simple server, using JSON server,
which we can then connect to from our React application and
fetch data or post data to.
Now, how do we actually communicate with the server?
This is where we make us of fetch.
Now what is fetch, how is it useful for communicating with the server, and
how do we actually make use of it within our React application?
Let's examine that in a little more detail, in this lecture, and
the exercises that follow this lecture.
Now, if you are familiar with how a browser application communicates
with a server, earlier we had access to XMLHttpRequest,
that was implemented in most browsers that enabled us to communicate to the server.
Now this is quite cumbersome and outdated already for modern day web applications.
And hence we would rather prefer in more modern or
newer implementation of the communication protocols within our browser so
that it can communicate with the servers.
Now, XMLHttpRequest has been successfully made use of by
many JavaScript frameworks and libraries for communicating with the server.
And indeed that is still the go to approach for
communicating between your browser and the server.
But there is a newer kid on the block, the Fetch API
is proposed as a modern replacement for XMLHttpRequest.
Now, it is quite new and so some of the older or
legacy browsers do not support it yet.
But the newer browsers are all beginning to support
the Fetch API as part of the browser itself.
Now this provides an interface for
fetching resources including from across the network.
That's indeed the purpose of Fetch.
And Fetch provides a more powerful feature set and
more flexible feature set than what XMLHttpRequest provides.
Now, many of the JavaScript framework earlier wrapped the XMLHttpRequest in
their own code and made it more palatable for use within those JavaScript framework.
So for example, with an Angular, React or
Backbone jQuery of the AJAX method for
example is all wrapping of the XMLHttpRequest.
Now Fetch API inherently supports promised based approach for communication.
Now we have already learned about promises, in the previous lecture.
And we have seen how promises provide a way for
implementing synchronous competition.
So Fetch supports promises inherently and
that is what makes it valuable for use in communicating with a server.
Let's look at some of the salient features of Fetch and
how we can make use of it in this lecture.
Now when you talk about Fetch there are some abstractions that we need to
be aware of.
In Fetch, a request represents a resource request.
And similarly,
a response represents the response to the request that you send to the server.
Now the request and response are objects that you have access to and
can manipulate it.
Similarly, the headers object represents the request/response headers.
Now you can query the headers, extract information,
you can add headers to an outgoing request.
You can extract headers from the incoming response and
make use of them within your JavaScript code.
In addition, the body itself is another object that is part of the Fetch API and
it provides methods relating to the body of the response or the request message.
Now, you can declare the content type of the body, how the body should be handled.
You can even put information into the body.
You can extract the information of the body and so on, and
that is all supported through Fetch API.
Now, how do we make use of the Fetch API?
A simple usage of the Fetch API is within your JavaScript code,
you'll simply say fetch and then supply the URL
of the server that you want to access.
So in this case representing the URL as a baseURL +,
an extra part of the URL.
This is exactly what I will use in the code in the exerciser slot.
The baseURL is configured with the HTTP://,
URL address for the server, and then
the extension is the specific resource on the server that we are accessing.
Now once you issue this will return a promise object.
Now when it returns a promise object,
then on the promise object you can apply it then to the promise object.
So as you can see you apply the then, and
within the then you'll get access to the response object.
Now once you get the access to the response object,
this response object is a raw body in the response message.
You can convert it if you know that the response body contains
data in JSON format.
You can simply can work that by saying response.json and
then that will give you the body in JSON format and so it is more easy for
you to process that within your JavaScript code.
So that's one way, then when you obtain that,
the response.json will return the response in JSON format and then that
will be passed into the next then that you can chain into the previous then.
So as you saw, they can chain promises together and
that information returns in the form of a parameter called data here.
Data is just, you can use any parameter name there, but I'm using
data as the parameter name because that's the data that I obtain from the sever.
And them I'm simply logging the data to the console just to show what has been
retrieved from the server.
You can do additional processing in this data that you obtain from the server.
Indeed in the exercises that is exactly what
we will be doing with the incoming data in the response message.
Now, sometimes,
when you encounter errors then you provide the catch for catching the errors.
In that case, you can catch the error and then deal with the error appropriately.
In this example, I'm simply login the error to that console and
then leaving it there.
I'm not going beyond that point, but
if you want to handle error in a more elaborate manner then this is a place
where you can implement the code to handle the error appropriately.
Now, any request that you initiate like this will result
in a get request being sent to that URL endpoint.
If you want to perform any other kind of HTTP request,
other than get, then you can explicitly specify the method
in a second parameter that you will supply to the fetch.
The second parameter will be a JavaScript object with properties
where you specify the details of what goes into the message.
So, for example, if you are posting some data to a REST API endpoint,
in order to create a new object on the server side.
Then you could simply say, fetch and then supply the REST API end point following
that within a JavaScript object you can specify the method as POST for example.
Then you can even specify the body of the outgoing request message.
So in this case, I am taking a newComment, which is a JavaScript object,
I'm stringifying, I'm converting that into JSON and
then putting it into the body of the outgoing request message.
In addition, I can even configure the headers for this message by
specifying the headers property in the JavaScript object there.
And so here, I'm specifying the content type as application/json.
And also I can specify credentials same-origin.
Meaning that you include credentials only when it is being sent to the same origin
as specified in the URL about to the same server as specified.
Now credentials part, cross-origin and same-origin and so on, I will
deal with that in the Node.js course which is the last course in the specialization.
For the moment just accept that you have a parameter like that in there.
There are more properties that you can include in this
object that you supply as the second parameter to the fetch call here.
Now, when you send the POST request the server will then respond
with a response message.
And that response message can then get processed appropriately by using
then and then catch, as we see.
When the data is posted to the server side,
the server will respond back with a reply.
The reply might actually contain a copy of the data that is posted.
Now this depends upon how you arrange your server side and
what the server will send back in response to a post request.
Now, if you're implementing the server you have the full flexibility of
implementing what the server will return in response to a post request.
Typically, the post request will result in the server sent it back a copy of
the resource that has been created on the server side if it is successfully done.
If there is an error,
then obviously an error message will be returned to the client side.
How do you deal with errors?
Now with fetch you have a specific way of dealing with errors.
Now when you send the fetch request, then in the then part of the message.
Now earlier we saw that in the then part of the message you got the response and
then you dealt with the response.
Now the response from the server side could be a true response
with a status code between 200 and
299 which means that everything went very well on the server side.
But if the status code is in 400 to 500 range or something outside the 200
to 300 range then your server will simply send back the response message as such.
But with fetch, you have to explicitly check the response message to see
whether the status code is acceptable status code or the status
code is indicating some error from the server side and handle it appropriately.
Now fetch provides you with a method of doing this.
What fetch does is if the status code in the response
message is within the normal limits 200 to 299
then it will set a property call as OK on the response.
And so you can check this response, start OK to see if it is true or false.
If it is true, then the response that you get is a valid response.
And so you can simply return that response over to the next then that you chain
into the sequence of then there.
Otherwise, so this is the otherwise part, if it is not then you recognize that your
status code is outside the normal range that you would consider a normal
response from the server side, in that case we will handle it with the else part.
Here you have to explicitly create an error like this here,
so you are extracting from the response.
You're saying response.status, response.status contains the status code.
So for example, if you receive 404, the else part should be executed
because the response.OK will be set to false, so the else part will be executed.
And there you will construct an error object as shown here.
So you can extract the status text from the response and the status code
from the response and construct an error message string as shown here.
And then you can put that into the error object.
You can even put the response into the error object if you want and
then throw the error there.
When you throw the error, the catch that you'll implement later on
will catch this error and then deal with it appropriately.
So that's how you would handle the response from the server side.
Now if the server explicitly or
if in communicating with the server you experience an error.
So which means that you never even managed to communicate with the server.
In that case, fetch will generate an error response and
that is handled by giving a second callback function to the then.
Promises allow you to give two callback functions as parameters to the then.
The first callback function will be used when the promise resolves correctly.
The second callback function will be used when the promise is rejected.
So the error part is where the rejection of the promise is handled.
So if it is rejected, then you will create an error message from
the error message and then throw an error at that point.
That's another way of handling errors that are caused.
So this is fully your responsibility,
this part of the code is something that you implement when you use fetch.
Now some people that use other libraries, I'll talk about them a little bit later.
Some of the other libraries have a much better way of dealing with this.
And so some people prefer not to use fetch, but instead use some of the other
libraries like axel I'll briefly mention that at the end of this lecture.
Now, and then after that you can carry on with the chain of thens which will handle
the response accordingly as per what you choose to do with the data.
And then of course you have the catch that deals with the error message accordingly.
If you are using fetch on browsers that don't have fetch already built in,
then you can use a fetch polyfill that will be inserted.
Now cross-fetch is a an npm package that makes use of a fetch polyfill in
situations where fetch is not inherently part of the browser implementation.
So, Cross-Fetch provides support for Fetch.
Now, you can use Cross-Fetch even on the server side for doing Fetch.
So even within your Node GS application, if you want to contact another server,
you can use Fetch also, and Cross-Fetch supports that.
So that's why in our application we may install Cross-Fetch.
And then, this Cross-Fetch,
if your browser doesn't have the Fetch built into it,
then it will resort to using the whatwg-fetch polyfill.
The whatwg-fetch polyfill is a Implementation of the Fetch protocol,
or the Fetch API,
that can be put into browsers that don't have native support for Fetch.
And similarly, the Cross-Fetch will result using another implant package
called Node-Fetch, which is used if you're using this in a Node application.
Now in our case, we are using it in our React application, and
the Create-React app automatically includes Cross-Fetch into our
React application, so you don't need to explicitly do anything for using that.
But, if you are using Cross-Fetch, then within your application,
when you use Fetch, you may simply import Fetch from Cross-Fetch
into that JavaScript module, and then make use of Fetch just like
you use Fetch otherwise as we have seen in the previous slides.
Now, as I briefly mentioned earlier, some people dislike Fetch and
feel that fetch is too low level alternative for them.
When you look at XMLHttpRequest, Fetch seems like a significant improvement for
XMLHttpRequest way of doing things.
But then, people had already figured out by wrapping XMLHttpRequest in
their own code, so that they give it better API for app developers.
So if you search the Internet,
people will often complain that Fetch is too low level for them.
And then, they prefer to use other libraries like Axios,
or even another one called Superagent.
So if you search for React and communicating with a server,
you will also hear people talking about Axios and Superagent.
Axios also uses wraps, XMLHttpRequest, and
exports a better API for use within your React application.
Now the Axios API seems better than Fetch API, or
rather at least Axios gives a much higher level API than what Fetch gives.
And so, some people prefer to use that instead of Fetch.
If you choose to do so, you can do so.
Axios also supports things like automatically adding credentials and
also adding interceptors.
We'll talk about interceptors in the Node.js course,
where we will see the reason for using them.
And so, I will differ that discussion to that point.
So if you don't like Fetch, you can then go and fetch Axios or Superagent,
and use them in place of Fetch, so whatever satisfies your needs.
Now in my course, I will use Fetch as the approach because Fetch also
works very well with React native, as you will see in the next course.
So that's why I deferred to using fetch for communicating with the server.
With this quick understanding of Fetch,
let's move on to the exercises where we will see how we can make use of Fetch
to communicate with the JSON server that we have set up in the previous lesson.
[MUSIC]
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