[MUSIC] Welcome to section five of We're going to continue our role through the cage framework by talking about the G in cage today, the geographic factor. And specifically, we're going to start out by looking at some of the globaloney that has surrounded the world of geography. Then we're going to move on to talk about how geographic distances and other kinds of geographic factors actually affect international interactions. Third, we'll zoom in on regionalization. geo, a phenomenon that has attracted a great deal of interest that has some clear geographic roots but that also is related to some of the other elements of the cage framework. And that will supply a segue way into the last segment of this discussion, where we talk about geography inter, interrelates with the cultural, administrative, and economic differences also highlighted by the CAGE framework. So, let's start off by talking about geographic Globaloney. Because in some sense, while all the elements of the cage framework are supposed to become progressively more irrelevant, if we were in fact moving towards a flat world, geography in some sense is the factor that has attracted the most attention. And this has been going on for a while. So, as one observer wrote, when you read a whole bunch of books that focus on technology, or what I refered to earlier as techno-trances, it's amazing how quickly people simply go on to assert, that distance is dead, or that borders no longer matter. What's really striking about this quote though is that it's not an observation about recent writings. The quote is from George Orwell, writing in 1944, expressing his grave dissatisfaction with the amount of geographic globaloney he found in the writings of the first half of the 20th century. Since then, if anything, the pace of such globaloney seems only to have accelerated. So, since 1990 we've had Kenichi Ohmae's, The Borderless World. We've had Frances Cairncross's, Distance is Dead, and of course, we've had Tom Friedman's, The World is Flat. So, how do we counter this kind of geographic globaloney? One way is to sort of look at existing cities, existing locations of economic activity, and point out how important the role geographic factors have played in conditioning those locations. [MUSIC] >> I'm standing on the water front in Cape Town, South Africa. And this is a good place to be, because in some sense. This city wouldn't exist if it weren't for the waterfront and in particular, for it's geographic situation right at the Southern tip of South Africa. Cape Town, of course, got it's start back in the 17th century, when Jan van Riebeeck founded it as a waystation for ships traveling from Europe to East Africa, India, Southeast Asia, et cetera. And has continued to be used in that capacity, and while the importance of those shipping lanes has diminished somewhat as a result of the opening of the Suez Canal, et cetera. But the lasting impact of these trans oceanic connections on Cape Town is not to be over stated. The city continues to show the lasting imprint of its history as the stop over point between Europe and Asia. So, when we look at just the economics of this city, it's the second-largest economic hub in South Africa, it's the third-largest economic hub on the African continent. And it's home to the biggest concentration of information technology companies on the African continent. Some of this has to do with the mentality and the mindset which one can once again associate with it being a port city. So, for instance, local entrepreneurship rates are almost three times the South African average, and almost five times as high as the average in Johannesburg, South Africa's leading city. Unemployment rates are relatively low. The population very youthful. The population very mixed. 42% of the people who live in Cape Town are considered under South African classification system colored, as opposed to 9% on average. In the rest of the country. And this young, vibrant, mixed community has, enjoys some of the better standards of living, some of the better public administration, and some of the lower unemployment rates in South Africa. So, even though the old shipping lanes aren't quite what they used to be. The lasting impact of Cape Town's location at the very southern tip of Africa, continues to affect the lives of those who live here on a day-to-day basis every single day. [MUSIC] >> So, think back to the example of Cape Town, which owes it's existence to its privileged position close to the Cape of Good Hope in front of a relatively sheltered bay. Even though the importance of that shipping route around Africa has decreased in the last few decades, particularly with the opening up of the Suez Canal to the point where Capetown is no longer even South Africa's largest commercial port. The basic point is that geography is the very reason why we have this very vibrant, very entrepreneurial metropolis right at the southern cone of Africa. So, when we look at cities like Cape Town or many other cities which for instance happen to be located at the junction of two rivers. That's a good example of the enduring influence of geographic factors. But we can also look forward and or we can also look at current data on what some of the new technologies that are supposed to be weakening the influence of geography are actually doing. So, on this slide I've taken some data assembled by Barry Wellman and his lab at MIT, where they did an analysis of Twitter. And basically quantified the density of ties on Twitter. Plotted those ties against the distance between somebody whose tweeting and the person following those tweets. So, when we look at this particular chart, which literally tries to summarize the intensity of ties on twitter. What stands out for us? Couple of things, actually come out of this very interesting slide. First of all, geography clearly isn't dead, or else we would expect this line to be flat across this entire chart. Second there does seem to be a strong influence, even on Twitter which is supposed to be a very, very globalized medium. There does seem to be a very, very strong influence of geographic distance. And third, this graph also somewhat, controverts this notion of a very spiky world in which there are just a few global cities that primarily interact with each other, but that don't have much to do with their hinterlands. So when we look at this particular chart, we see that there is in fact a spike in ties on Twitter at roughly the distance between New York and Los Angeles, which are two of the five most important concentrations of Twitter users in Barry Wellman's sample. So clearly, there is some element of spikiness when we look within the US at Twitter ties. New York, Los Angeles does have a noticeably more intense set of relationships than what happens at other distances. But what's interesting, is that those, that spikiness is not replicated when you look across national borders at New York-London, New York-Sao Paolo, Tokyo-New York, or Tokyo-Sao Paolo. So, the basic idea that this chart suggests is not only is the world not flat, nor is it primarily spiky. The big influence that we see on this particular chart, is how quickly ties on Twitter. Actually decay with geographic distance which should, again remind us that the potential for technological connectivity is not the same as actual levels of connectedness, and actual levels of connectedness are actually very subject still to geographic distance. [MUSIC]
