本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时 4：复句中的关联词语的位置+紧缩复句
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Del curso dictado por Peking University
现代汉语核心语法
11 calificaciones
De la lección
第十讲 复句
第十讲是对汉语中的复句进行讲解，在汉语中复句主要分为两大类 ：联合复句和偏正复句。联合复句又可以分为：（1）并列复句；（2）承接复句；（3）递进复句；（4）选择复句。偏正复句又可以分为：（1）因果复句，（2）条件复句，（3）假设复句，（4）让步复句，（5）目的复句，（6）转折复句 ，（7）紧缩复句。
Conoce a los instructores
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
第三节，复句中的关联词语的位置 一，连词的位置 Lesson 3, The position of the conjunction words in the compound sentences First, the position of conjunctions
复句中的关联词语有两种，一种是连词，一种是副词 连词在复句中的位置比较复杂 There are two kinds of conjunction words in compound sentences, one is conjunction, the other is adverb. The position of conjunctions in compound sentences is more complex.
有的只能出现在主语前，有的呢只能出现在主语后 有的出现在主语前后都可以，我们来看 Some can only appear before the subject, others can only appear after the subject, and some can appear before and after the subject. Look at the examples,
一下例子，看第一例 不但星期六要上班，而且星期天也要上班。 Many of them, look at the first one, not only (Bu Dan)do I have to work on Saturday, but(Er qie) I also have to work on Sunday.
不但 而且，那么我们看"不但"在哪儿呢，在主语星期六的前边 "而且"呢在主语呢星期天的前边。
“Bu dan … Er qie…” Where is “Bu dan”? Just before the subject of saturday;
“Ei qie” is after the subject of sunday.
第二例，火车票虽然 不贵，但是不好买。 Second example, (Sui ran)train tickets are not expensive, but(Dan shi) they are not easy to buy.
那么这个"虽然"呢在哪儿呢，在火车票 这个主语的后边。 Where is “Sui ran”? It’s after the subject of train ticket.
第三例，或者明天去 或者后天去，哪天都可以。 Third one, either(Huo zhe) tomorrow or(Huo zhe) the day after tomorrow, any day will be fine.
那么这个"或者"在哪儿呢，在主语 明天和后天的前边。 Where is “huo zhe”? It’s placed before the subjects of tomorrow and the day after tomorrow.
第四例，咱们要么吃饺子，要么吃包子。 Fourth example, We either(Yao me) eat dumplings or(Yao me) eat steamed stuffed bun.
这个"要么，要么" 那么第一个句子的"要么"在主语咱们的 后边。 About the “yao me…yao me…”, it’s after the subject of we.
二，副词的位置 复句中常见的副词主要有"也"、 Second, the position of the adverbs. The most common adverbs in the compound sentence are “Ye”,
"就" "还"、 "更"、 "都"、 "却"、 "便"、 "才"、 "一"、 “甚至"等
“Jiu”, “Hai”, “Geng”, “Dou”, “Que”,
“Bian”, “Cai”, “Yi”, “Shen zhi” and so on.
那么这些副词啊多出现在主句主语的后面 具体的情况大致如下表，我们来看一下表格就比较清楚
These adverbs mostly appear behind the subject of the main clause.
The details are as followed: we will see clearly from the form.
那么这是主句，那么主语前，主语后，我们看看。 So here is the main clause, before the subject or after the subject, let us check it.
"也"呢 放在主语的后面，"就"呢也是放在主语后面，"还"也是一样 “ye” should be placed after the subject, “Jiu” is also placed after the subject, so as “Hai”.
但是要注意的是，"甚至"可以在主语的前面，也可以在主语的后面 But we should notice, “Shen Zhi” can be placed before the subject, and can also be placed after the subject.
也就是说大部分的这个副词啊都在主语的后面，但是个别的 That is to say, most of the adverbs are behind the subject, but some of them
这也可以在主语的前边。 can also be put before the subject.
第四节 紧缩复句。 Lesson 4, contracted compound sentence.
紧缩复句是指形式上是一个句子 实际上表达的却是复句的内容。 Contracted compound sentence refers to the fact that a sentence in form is actually the content of a complex sentence.
例如，我们来看第一例 不复习就考不好。 For example, let’s check the first one, no review, you can't do well.
这是一个 一个句子，但是实际上呢它表达的意思呢是 It’s one sentence in form in Chinese, but express the meaning of
相当于一个复句一样，也就是说"不复习就考不好"，意思就是说如果不复习 就考不好，是一个假设复句。
one complex sentence, which is if you don't review it, you can't do well.That is an assumptive sentence.
第二例，再难也要坚持学下去 Second example, even hard, you should stick to it.
再难也要坚持学下去，这是一个句子，看起来是一个句子，但是实际上它要表达的是复句的内容 It looks like one sentence in Chinese, but it express the content of a complex sentence,
也就是说它的意思相当于什么呢，即使再难，也要坚持学习下去。 which means even if it’s difficult, we must keep on studying.
它是也是一种什么呢，假设 假设复句。 It’s also an assumptive compound sentence.
紧缩复句类型 汉语常见的紧缩复句主要如下，（一） Types of contracted compound sentences. The most common contracted compound sentences in Chinese are as followed: First,
"越+动词或者形容词+越+动词或者形容词"，例如，我们来看一下啊 风越刮越大。 “Yue + verb/adjective +yue + verb/adjective”, for example, the wind is getting bigger and bigger.
这也是一种紧缩复句 第二例：她的汉语水平越来越高。 It is also a kind of contracted compound sentences. Second one, her Chinese level is getting higher and higher.
越来越高，也是 紧缩复句。 Higher and higher is also one kind of contracted compound sentences.
那么"越来越"表示呢第二个行为动作或者性质啊 随着第一个行为动作或性质的变化，而发生变化
“Yue and yue” shows that second action or property
changes with the transformation of the first action or property.
（二）"一+动词或者短语 Second, “Yi + verbs/phrasses/adjectives
或者是形容词+就+动词或者短语或者形容词" 我们来看一下例子。 + Jiu + verbs/phrasses/adjectives” Let’s look at the examples.
第一例，弟弟一回家就开始做作业 一回家就开始做作业 The first example, as soon as(Yi) he came home, my bother (Yi) began to do his homework.
第二例，我一放假就回国。 Second one, as soon as(Yi) I have holidays, I’ll (Yi) go back to my hometown.
这也是个紧缩复句 那么这种紧缩复句啊，表示第一个行为动作或情况 It is also a contracted compound sentence in Chinese, which means after the first action or situation happens,
发生以后，就立即出现第二个行为动作或者是情况 the second action or situation will appear.
（三）"再+形容词或者短语+也 Third, “Zai + adjective/adjective phrases + Ye
+动词或短语，或者是形容词或者短语"，我们来看一下例子 再热也不怕。 + verbs/verb phrases/adjectives/adjective phrases”, Let’s take a look at the example. No matter how hot it will be, I’ll be not afraid.
那么第二例是：再便宜也不买 The second one, even if it’s cheap enough, I’ll not buy it.
那么这种紧缩复句表示什么呢？意思相当于”即使……，也……"这样的意思 This kind of contracted compound sentence means “Ji shi…Ye…”,
也就是说表示的是让步转折关系，所以它是一种 也是一种紧缩复句。 which means the concessive adversative relations, so it’s also a kind of contracted compound sentences.
（四）"主语+动词 或者短语+就+动词或者短语"，我们来看一下例子 Fourth, “Subject + verb, or phrases + Jiu + verbs/verb phrases”, look at the examples.
不愿意说就算了。 If you don’t want to say it, then son’t say it.
第二例，怕累就别来 Second example, if you’re afraid of tired, then don’t come.
那么这种紧缩复句呢一般表示什么呢，"如果……，就……"这样的意思，也就是表示的- 是什么呢
So what does this contracted compound sentence means? It means “If … then…”, which also means
假设复句的意思。 they are assumptive compound sentences.
（五） "主语+不或者没有+动词或者是短语 Fifth, “The subject + Bu /nothing + verbs/verb phrases
+也+动词或者短语"，我们看一下例子就比较清楚 比如说，不喜欢也没办法 + Ye + verbs/verb phrases”, It will shows clearly according to the examples, even if I don’t like it, I have no choice.
不喜欢也没办法，它的意思相当于什么呢，即使 不喜欢，也没有办法。 This sentence means even you don’t like it, you cannot do anything.
所以它表示是什么呢，假设让步的关系，假设让步的关系 So this sentence is the assumptive concessive relations.
（六）”主语+不+动词或者短语+不+动词或者短语" Sixth, “ The subject + Bu + verbs/verb phrases + Bu + verbs/verb phrases”
例如，我们来看个例子：不好吃不要钱 那么"不好吃不要钱"它的意思是什么呢 For example, look at this sentence, Not tasty then don’t pay it. It means
意思就是"如果不好吃，就不要钱"，它表达是什么呢 假设复句表达的内容。 If it tastes bad, then don’t give me the money. It expresses the content of assumptive compound sentences.
今天的课到此结束，谢谢！ That’s all of today’s class. Thanks!
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