本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时5：离合词和能愿动词
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Del curso dictado por Peking University
现代汉语核心语法
11 calificaciones
De la lección
第一讲 名 词、动词和形容词
第一讲主要包括以下语法点：（1）名词的类别和作用；（2）名词与“们”及处所词、方位词；（3）动词的类别和作用；（4）动词的重叠；（5）离合词和能愿动词；（6）形容词的类别和作用；（7）形容词的重叠式。
Conoce a los instructores
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
三，离合词和能愿动词 （一）离合词。 Third, separable verbs and auxiliary verbs (I) auxiliary verbs
汉语中的 "见面、 道歉、 结婚、 散步、 跳舞、 睡觉、 In Chinese, “meet, apologize, marry, walk, dance, sleep,
生气、 帮忙"等 可以当作一个动词使用，也可以前后两个成分呢分开来使用 那么这些词被称为离合词。
Angry and help” can be used as verbs. These words include two parts and can be used separately. So they are called separable verbs.
那我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了。 Let us see another example and then you can understand it more clearly.
例一， 他们明天见面 "见面"是一个动词，作为一个动词使用 Example one, they will meet tomorrow. “Jian Mian (meet)” is a verb
然后我们再看例二，我们好像见过面。 Then let us turn to the example two, it seems that we met before. “Jian Guo Mian (met)”
在这里可以看得很清楚 "见"和"面"之间差入了一个"过" Here it is clear that there is a “Guo” between “Jian” and “Mian”.
所以呢就分开了，"见面"分开了，所以我们叫离合，这是合，这是离，分开 1. So they are separated. When the “Jian Mian (meet)” is separated, we call it “Li He(separable verb), this is “He”, that is “Li”, they are separated 1.
"了、 着、 过"的位置 "了、 着、 Position of “Le, Zhe, Guo”, “Le, Zhe,
过"只能出现在离合词的第一个成分后面，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了 例一， 大学毕了业，我就工作了。
Guo” can only appear after the first part of separable verbs. Let us see some examples to be clear
Example one, after graduating from college, I go to work
大家注意，毕业 是一个离合词，那么这个"了"放在"毕业"的中间 Pay attention, the “Bi Ye (graduate)” is a separable verb. The “Le (after)” is put in the middle of “Bi Ye(graduate).
第二例，大家边走边聊着天。 Example two, we chatting (Liao Zhe Tian) while walking.
那么这个"聊天" 也是一个离合词，那么"着"放在了"聊"和"天"的中间了 The “Liao Tian (chat)” is also a separable verb. The “Zhe” is put in the middle of “Liao” and “Tian”.
第三例，我们还跳过一次舞，那，那么 "跳舞"也是一个离合词 Example three, we danced once before. The “dance” is also a separable verb.
那么它的中间插入了什么呢？"过"还有"一次" 当然，主要是"过"了。 What's in its middle?“Guo (-ed)” and “Yi Ci (once), of course, the main one is “Guo (-ed)”.
所以呢我们说，这个是什么呢，"了、 着、 So we say that “Le, Zhe,
过"应该放在 它的第一个，第一个汉字的后面 Guo” shall be put after the first Chinese word of them.
不能放在第二个汉字的后面，这个要特别地注意 2. and shall not be put after the second Chinese word of them. Pay attention to it please. 2.
涉及的对象的位置 离合词涉及的对象一般要用介词引导 放在离合词前。 Position of subject involved the subjects involved of separable verbs are usually led by prepositional phrase and put before separable verb.
有的放在离合词第二个成分的前面作定语 我们来看一下例子。 Some of them are put before the second part of separable verbs and used as attributives. Let us see some examples.
例一， 我没跟她见过面 那个"她"是什么呢？见面涉及的对象，也就是见面的对象是"她" Example one, I did not meet her before. The “her” is the subject of “meet”.
那么我们看这个"她"在哪儿呢？是用"跟" 前面加上"跟"，放在了"见面"的前面了。 What is the position of “her”? It is put after the Chinese word of “Gen”.
第二例，别开弟弟的玩笑 那么"开玩笑"的对象是谁呢，是弟弟，弟弟 Example two, do not make jokes about the brother. What is the subject of “Kai Wan Xiao (make jokes)”? It is “Di Di (young brother)”.
所以呢，这个弟弟放在什么地方呢？是放在了"玩笑"的 前边，弟弟的后面又加上了"的" So, what is the position of “Di Di (young brother)”? It is put before “Wan Xiao (jokes)” and is added with a “De (s’ or ‘s)” behind.
（一） 涉及的对象要用介词提前的离合词主要有"见面、 (I) the object involved in the use of prepositions of separable words mainly include “meet,
干杯、 生气、 吵架、 道歉、 结婚、 离婚、 toast, angry, quarrel, apologize, marry, divorce,
分手、 招手、 聊天、 谈话、 散步、 跳舞、 游泳、 break up, beckon, chat, talk, walk, dance, swim,
毕业、 滑冰、 睡觉、 担心、 操心、 开玩笑"等 graduate, skate, sleep, worry, care, joke”, etc.
（二） 涉及的对象做第二个成分的定语的离合词 主要有"帮忙、 (II) the objects involved to do the second part of the attributive of separable words include “help,
操心、劳驾、 请客、 生气、 开玩笑、 上当"等。 care, excuse me, treat, angry, joke, fall into trap, etc.
3.
补语的位置 补语只能放在离合词的第一个成分的后面，我们来看一下例子。 Position of complement complements can only be placed behind the first part of separable verbs. Let me show you some examples.
例一 孩子吵完架什么事都没了 Example one, children is okay after quarreling.
大家注意，"吵架"是一个离合词 那么"完"是什么呢？是一个补语，补语 Pay attention, the “Chao Jia (quarrel)” is a separable verb. What is “Wan (after)”? It is a complement.
那么所以呢，它放在了"吵"的后面，不能放在"吵架"的后面 Therefore, it is placed after the word of “Chao”, and should not be placed after the word of “Chao Jia (quarrel)”.
第二例，我们一起滑了一会儿冰，"滑冰"是一个离合词
Example two, we skated together for a while. The “skate” is a separable verb.
"一会儿"是什么呢？是一个补语，所以它放在了"滑"的后面 What is “Yi Hui Er (for a while)”? It is a complement. So it is placed after the word of “Hua”.
第三例，他也上过一次当，"上当"是一个离合词 那么"一次"是一个补语，所以呢 Example three, he also fell into trap once before. The “Shang Dang (fall into trap) is a separable verb. The “Yi Ci (once)” is a complement, so
"一次"放在了"上"的后面，不能放在"上当"的后面 （二）能愿动词 It is placed after the word of “Shang” and should not be placed after the word of “Shang Dang” (II) modal verbs
表示意愿、 判断、 估价或可能等的动词呢，是能愿动词 1. Verbs that represent willing, judgement, assessment or possibility are modal verbs.
能愿动词的类别。 Type of modal verbs
能愿动词可以根据意义分为五类 （1）必要类，那么主要有得、 Modal verbs can be divided into five types according to their meanings. (1) The type of necessity mainly includes “shall,
应该、 该 （2）可能类，主要有会、 should, ought to (2) The type of possibility mainly includes “will,
可以、 能等 （3）愿望类，主要有愿、 can, be able to”, etc. (3) The type of wish mainly includes “wish,
愿意、 情愿、 想、 肯、 敢、 敢于等。 be willing, would rather, want, agree, dare, dare to”, etc.
（4） 估价类，主要有值得、 难、 (4) the type of assessment mainly includes” deserve, hard,
难于、 善于 （5）许可类，主要有准、 difficult, be good at (5) The type of permission mainly includes” allow,
准许、 许、 许可、 允许等 2. permit, approve, admit”, etc. 2.
能愿动词的作用 能愿动词可做谓语，能带动词或者短语、 The role of modal verbs modal verbs can be used as predicates followed by verbs or phrase,
形容词或短语呢作宾语 但是呢不能带着、 了、 过，例如我们来看一下几个例子 When adjectives or phases are used as object, they should not followed by words of “Zhe, Le, and Guo”. Let me show you some examples.
例一， A：我们可以进来吗？"可以"是一个能愿动词 能愿动词。 Example one, A: May I come in? “May” is a modal verb.
这个B说，你可以，可以 所以这是可以。 And then B say, “Yes, you may.”This is an example of “May”.
第二例，明天的考试应该不太难 应该，在这儿是一个能愿动词 3. Example two, Tomorrow's exam shall not be too hard. The word of “shall” is a modal verb.
"能、 可以、 会"的异同 Differences and similarities of “Neng (can), Ke Yi (be able to), Hui (be capable of)”
（1）"能、 可以"表示主观上具有某种能力 (1) “Neng (can)” and “Ke Yi (be able to)”represent that someonehas some ability subjectively.
"会"呢表示学习后具有某种能力，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 “Hui (be capable of)” represents that someone has the ability after learning. Let us see some examples to make it clear.
例一 我能学好汉语。 Example one, I can learn Chinese well.
这个"能"是自己的一种愿望，主观愿望上的一种能力 This “Neng (can)” expresses a wish, an ability of subjective wish.
第二例，哥哥可以喝一瓶酒，一瓶啤酒 Example two, my brother is able to drink a bottle of wine.
那么这个"可以"呢，也是表示主观上觉得自己有这样的 喝一瓶酒的能力。 Here the “Ke Yi (be able to)” also expresses an ability of subjective wish, an ability of drinking a bottle of wine.
第三例，我们都会说汉语 这个"会"是什么呢？是表示学习以后具有一种的能力 Example three, what is the Chinese word of “Hui”? It represents ability after learning.
注意 "能"不能表示学习后具有某种能力。 Pay attention that “Neng” shall not express the ability after learning.
我们来看一下下面的例子 例一，我会说汉语，但是不能写。 Let us see examples below. Example one, I can speak Chinese, but I cannot write.
这个句子是错误的 为什么呢？"写"是学习以后具有的能力，所以呢不能用"能"，那么 This sentence is wrong. Why? “Writing” is an ability after learning and shall not be used as “Neng”, so
正确的说法应该是什么呢？我会说汉语，但是呢不会写 What is the correct expression? I can speak Chinese, but I am capable of writing.
用"会"，因为"会"是学习以后具有的某种能力 It should use “Hui”, representing ability after learning.
例二， 她二十岁了，可是不能做饭 这个"能做饭"也是学习以后具有的 Example two, she is twenty years old, but she cannot cook. The “Neng Zuo Fan (is capable of cooking)” is ability after learning.
能力，所以在这儿呢不能用"能"，那么正确的说法应该是 她二十岁了，可是呢不会做饭 So, “Neng” shall not be used here. The correct expression is that she is twenty years old, but she is not capable of cooking.
也就是学习了以后呢，她不具备做饭这样的能力 （2）"能、 She has no the ability of cooking before learning (2) “Neng” and
可以"表示具备某种客观条件 比如我们来看一下两个例子。 “Ke Yi”representssome objective conditions. Let us see some examples.
一， 一天就能完成 这个是表示什么呢？就是具有这样的客观条件 First, it can be finished one day. What does this mean? It means that something has objective condition.
一天这样的客观条件，这个条件就够了。 “one day”, the objective condition, is enough for it.
第二，这儿可以放一把椅子 Second, a chair can be placed here.
也就是说，这个地方具备放一把椅子的客观的条件，所以呢用"可以"
That is to say, there is the objective condition here. So it uses “Ke Yi (can)”.
（3）"能、 可以"都表示情理上许可 (3) “Neng,” and “Ke Yi” represent the reasonable permission.
"能"呢，多用于疑问句和否定句，大家注意这个条件 "能"是多用于问句和否定句 “Neng” is used for questions and negative sentences in general. Pay attention please. This “Neng” is used for questions and negative sentences in general.
"可以"呢，一般用于肯定句 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 “Ke Yi” is generally used for positive sentences. Let us see some examples to make it clearer.
例一， 考试的时候 不能看书，用的是"能"，为什么，是一个否定句 Example one, you cannot read books in examination. The “Neng” is used here. Why? Because it is an negative sentence.
前面一个"不"，第二例，那儿可以抽烟，用的是"可以" There is a “Bu (not)”. Example two, you can smoke over there. “Ke Yi” is used here.
那么是为什么呢，这个是一个肯定句，肯定句。 Why? Because this is a positive sentence
（4） "能、 可以"都表示准许，"能"呢多用于，注意这个条件 (4) “Neng (can)” and “be able to (Ke Yi) represent admission. “Neng (can)” is usually used, pay attention to it,
多用于疑问句和否定句，"可以"呢，多用于疑问句 和肯定句。 In questions and negative sentences “Ke Yi (be able to)” is usually used in questions and positive sentences.
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 Let us see some examples to make it clearer.
例一 A：弟弟能跟我一起去吗？用的是"能" 是什么呢，问句，疑问句。 Example one A: can my brother go together with me? Where the word of “Neng” is used? It is used in questions.
回答，B：不能 是什么呢，否定句，前面有一个"不" 例二，A说，可以进来吗？ Answer, B: where the word of “Bu Neng (cannot) is used? Negative sentence, there is a word of “Bu (not)” before it. Example two, A said that may I come in?
这是一个问句，是吧，用的"可以"，也就是说"可以"可以用疑问句 那么B回答，可以。 This is a question, right? “Ke Yi” is used here, that is to say that “Ke Yi” can be used in questions. And then B answered, Yes, you may.
那么用的是什么呢？肯定句 肯定句，所以呢我们说，它们两个有相同的地方，都可以用问句 Where the word is used? It is in positive sentence. So there are similarities between these two words. Namely, both of them can be used in questions.
但是也有不同的地方，"能"是用于否定，"可以"呢是多用于肯定 But there are differences between them. “Neng” is used in negative sentences and “Ke Yi” is usually used in positive sentences.
注意，"可以"一般不用于否定句 我们看一下下面的例子。 Pay attention please. “Ke Yi” is not used in negative sentences in general. Let us turn to some examples below.
例一， 喝酒以后 不可以开车。 Example one, you cannot drive after drinking.
这个句子是外国学生经常 容易错的，那么这个句子错了，为什么？"可以"的前面用了"不" Foreign students often make mistakes here. Why is this sentence wrong?There is a “Bu (not)” before “Ke Yi (can)”
那么正确的说法应该是什么呢？喝酒以后不能开车，要用"能" 加上否定就很好了。 So what is the correct expression?You are not able to drive after drinking. “Neng (be able to)” used here is correct.
第二例，这本书你不可以拿走 Example two, you cannot take this book away.
这个"可以"前面有了"不"，所以也是用于否定，那么这个句子是不能说
There is a “Bu (not)” before “Ke Yi (can)”.
那么我们一般说什么呢？这本书你不能，用"不能" So what do we usually say?“Bu Neng (cannot)” shall be used here.
"不能拿走"，这样的这个句子就是正确的
“Bu Neng( cannot) take away” used here is right.
（5）"能、 会"都表示善于做某事 (5) “Neng (can)” and “Hui (be capable of)” represent that someone is good at doing something.
但是"能"表示量多，量很大，"会"表示呢做得好。 But “Neng (can)” means “a great number of”. “Hui (be able to)” means “well done”.
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚 例一，李老师真能说，已经讲了三个小时了 Let us have a look at some examples to make it clear. Example one, Mr. Li is really talkative. He has spoken for three hours.
这个"能说"什么意思呢？就是说的时间很长 就是量很大，这样的意思 What does the “Neng shuo (talkative)” mean? It is used for talking for a long time or a great number
我们再看例二，你真会说。 Let us have a look at example two. You are eloquent.
会说 会说是什么意思呢？不是说的时间很长，量很大的意思，而是说什么呢？ What does the “Hui Shuo (eloquent)” mean? It is not used for talking for a long time or a great number, but
说得很好，别人喜欢听，是这样的意思。 talk well and attractively.
（6） "会"表示有可能，我们看一下例子就比较清楚了 (6) “Hui (will)” represent “possibility”. Let us have a look at some examples to make it clearer.
已经，例一，已经三月了，还会冷吗？这个"会"表示什么？还有冷的可能性吗？ Already, example one, it is already in March, will it be cold?Here what does the word of “Hui (will)” mean? Is it possible to be cold?
是一种猜测，是一种推测。 It is a guess, a speculation.
例二， 明天不会刮风 这个"会"是什么意思呢？"不会"就是猜测，明天 Example two, it will not windy. What does “Hui (will)” mean? “Bu Hui (will not)” refers to guess that tomorrow
刮风的可能性很小 the windy day is unlikely
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