Hello everyone? My name is Paul Spiegel. I'm a professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and I direct the Center for Humanitarian Health. Today I'm going to speak about the Humanitarian- Development Nexus. I would like to acknowledge Caroline Bahnson from the World Bank Group, as well as Andre Griekspoor from the World Health Organization, for helping me with part of this lecture. In this lecture, I'm going to explain what is the Humanitarian Development Nexus, or HDN. Next, I'm going to discuss bridging the HDN with all of its complexities, nuances and challenges. Then I'm going to provide some examples of the HDN in practice. Finally, I'm going to discuss the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) and its relation to the HDN, and once again that's the of course the Humanitarian Development Nexus. So what is the Humanitarian Development Nexus? This is an image of the Za'atari refugee camp in Jordan. It is a sprawling refugee camp that really is at this point more of a city, and I believe it may be either the third or fourth largest city in Jordan. The title of this slide, is Humanitarian or Development? Really the question is, is this a false distinction or a false dichotomy between these two terms? (Humanitarian and development). So what is the definition of HDN or the Humanitarian Development Nexus? It's the connection between humanitarian and development as well as the organizations, where each group works together to address the humanitarian needs, while taking into account the current and the future development needs. The key point here, is that it's both humanitarian and development strategies, organizations as well as funding, that will work together to address not just those that are directly or immediately affected by the humanitarian emergencies, such as a refugee or an internally displaced person, but also the host communities. The Humanitarian Development Nexus is not a new concept. In fact, we've been talking about this for decades and decades. It was called the Humanitarian Development Divide, the Humanitarian Development Gap. This is a framework that discusses different aspects such as culture, timeline, coordination and leadership, and it compares the traditional way of thinking about humanitarian components and development components. So traditionally or at least culturally, humanitarian was an emergency response, often the programs and the interventions were a substitute of existing interventions and in many settings such as refugee camps, there were parallel programs such as parallel health systems. Unlike development where the culture is to be working very closely with the government, to be a part of and complimentary to it, not to substitute it. The timeline is very different for humanitarian and development. Often humanitarian, the timeline is 6 -12 months, even though we know many situations become protracted, still the planning process is 6-12 months and then repeat, compared to development which is long-term planning, 5-10 years, considering growth of the population, growth of the economy and where that country wishes to be in that longer period of time. In terms of coordination and leadership, there are very different systems. In the humanitarian system, we have clusters or sectors, and we often have the UN Humanitarian Coordinator, or the HC in country leading the response. As opposed to development where it is always government-led, and we have for example the International Health Partnership plus, which has become universal health care 2030, with the goal of all people in a country having some component of universal health coverage. For planning frameworks and tools, again very different, we have Humanitarian Response Plans and Refugee Response Plans, where on the development side we have the UNDAF, which is the United Nations Development Assistant Framework and that usually goes together with the CCA, or the Common Country Analysis. In health terms, we would then have the National Health Plan. For legal frameworks in the humanitarian setting, we have (very important) the humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, independence and impartiality, as well as International Humanitarian Law, whereas the legal frameworks for development are of course the country's sovereign law together with some aid effectiveness principles. Finally, the types of settings. By nature, humanitarian settings are generally fragile and insecure, whereas development (but of course not always but generally) are stable and we have willing participants of governments and national NGOs in developing their own country. We have global agendas for both development and humanitarian or humanity. I think it's very important to again recognize that there is an overlap and complimentarity in these two agendas, and they're not meant to be different and separate. So for the development agenda, we have the Sustainable Development Goals, of which there are 17. In the Agenda for Humanity, there are five broad goals: number one, to prevent an end conflict, number two, respect rules of war, number three, leave no one behind, number four, working differently to end need and number five, invest in humanity. Now clearly, these broad five goals relate very much and are complimentary to and actually part of sustainable development goals. So for example, the Sustainable Development Goal, or SDG number two, is zero hunger; number 16 is peace, justice and strong institutions. None of these can be achieved without working on these five goals that are included in the Agenda for Humanity. So here's a framework to show how we can try to bridge this Humanitarian Development Divide and allow it to become more of a "Nexus" or a joining together. We need to have joint analysis, as well as joint planning of situations where there are humanitarian emergencies and everywhere of course, where there is a humanitarian emergency, there is a development plan for that country that exists already. We will then need to define the collective outcomes which will lead to a "Joined up" programming. This joined up programming is extremely important, where you have humanitarians and development workers working together. This doesn't include just the organizations, the workers, it of course includes the government, it includes donors and it includes private sector. This currently does not happen as frequently as we would like. The joined up programming can be in many areas, we have listed here life saving assistance and protection, we have integration into the national health system, and the health system strengthening and preparedness. This obviously relates primarily to health component, but there are many other sectors that need to be considered and joined up as well. This includes Water, Sanitation and Hygiene or (WASH), it includes shelter and it includes nutrition and food security.