[MUSIC] The name of the individual is the last of the five ethereal aspects of the personality. Of these, it is probably the least spiritual. It represents the identity of the individual, both in this life, and the next. Like the body, it has physical presence since it appears on statuary reliefs, paintings, and papyri, of private citizenry, as well as royalty. And it also occurs among the Gods. The figure that is a statue, in a way is a blank canvas until it is personalized by the name. Fear of it's loss or removal was great among the Egyptians. For without it, your identity is gone, you could cease to exist. Methods to prevent such a happening included making curses against anyone, who would damage or remove the name of the individual. The Egyptians came up with ways to make it difficult to obliterate, or change the name. And one of the ways that they did that, was to change the way the hieroglyphs themselves were done. Instead of being carved in raised or sunk relief, in one case, in the tomb of Nefermaat, the individual wrote his hieroglyphs in inlaid reliefs and he states in his tomb that I made this in writing that can't be obliterated. Another way of protecting the name is to write it in a cryptographic way. And there are many examples of this in the tomb of Tutankhamen. The name can also signify possession, and we can see that in the collection of spells called the Book of the Dead. And we have one of those here in the Penn Museum. These are generally completed in advance, except for blank spaces to be filled in with the name of the purchaser. Very often it includes a designation, a title, or an epithet to personalize them, in other words, it meant that it didn't belong to anyone until the name was put in. The name was as important, not only to royalty and private citizens, it was also critical to the deities. It identified them and concretized invisible and, or, abstract elements of the world. We see this, for example, in the story of the names of Re. These are hidden, and he tries to keep them that way. But his daughter Isis wants to know the names, and she begins to find them out. But the most secret one is whispered to her, and so the reader never finds it out. Since the body itself was the most important element of an individual's personality, and the most concrete, a mummy, either naturally or artificially preserved, was an essential part of ensuring ones afterlife. It didn't matter whether it was a king who aspired to be among the deities, or private individual who hoped for the glorious afterlife. As I've mentioned earlier, the process itself appears to have evolved directly from early flex burial in the sand and pits. As a variety of ways were developed over the following centuries, to address the needs to maintain the integrity of the body. That issue became only a part of the requirements needed by an individual that affected his or her life on Earth. Existence in the afterlife, the concept of the afterlife, how to attain it, and how to maintain it soon required not only mummification, but also a tomb decorated appropriately, a coffin, a proper funeral. The cult to maintain offerings, and an endowment to operate it. Other needs also included, many other things, like amulets and all different types of equipment.