Contagious vs Environmental

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Del curso dictado por University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Lactation Biology

7 calificaciones

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Lactation Biology

7 calificaciones

Lactation and especially milk, which is the product of that unique mammalian process, are routinely encountered within our daily lives. Nevertheless, they often are poorly understood by many, even including many who are engaged in the business of producing milk. The overall course goal is to introduce fundamental concepts that form the basis for understanding the biology of lactation, the biology of the mammary gland, and the products of that important physiological process. As a learner in this course, you will be provided with a series of easily understood presentations that collectively will help you build a foundation for greater understanding of lactation. You will be able to engage with other learners so that you can extend your learning beyond the video presentations. Ultimately, you will be able to construct your own mental model for understanding the wide range of topics that relate to the biology of lactation. Upon completion of the course, you will be prepared to expand your knowledge and understanding of lactation from other sources and experiences as you pursue your individual interests. Before you start the course, I suggest that you identify a question or several questions about lactation that you already have on your mind. This could be from your own experiences, something you read about or saw, or something you have wondered about. Write down your question(s) and use that to help you decide how to engage with the content of this course. You might engage with the modules in the order they are presented, or start with a module that is of particular interest to you, or pick and choose modules in any order. I encourage you to engage in all of the types of learning activities that this course has to offer, including but not limited to, the discussion forums, quizzes, peer-review assignments, and concept maps and other learning aids.

De la lección

Module 9: Mastitis

The mammary gland is an excretory gland, meaning that it produces a fluid that is secreted to the outside of the body. These secretions leave the gland through a series of ducts that eventually open to the outside of the skin. The presence of these openings not only means that the mammary secretion can leave the gland, it also means that microorganisms can enter the gland. When that happens, the gland may become infected and present as a disease known as mastitis. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, the inflammation most commonly being caused by an infection by a pathogen. Mastitis is the most costly disease in dairy cattle, but is also prevalent in other species, including our own. We will examine many of the aspects of how this disease is manifested using the dairy cow as our primary example in this module. We will examine mastitis at the level of an individual cow, as well as at the whole herd level. And then to fully integrate and apply the knowledge gained about this disease, we will examine several real-life cases of herd-level mastitis problems faced by dairy producers.

Mastitis at a Herd-Level8:39

Contagious vs Environmental5:58

Milking Procedure9:09

Conoce a los instructores

Dr. Walter Hurley, PhD
Professor Emeritus
Department of Animal Sciences

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So where should we look for the culprit?

We have our problem.

Where do we look?

On the contagious side this matches up with what we've just been talking about.

We look at the milking machine, we need to check that out.

Look at the milking procedure, those are two really key things.

Milker's hands, again are they wearing gloves?

Are they washing their hands periodically?

Teat dipping, is that being used and being used routinely, regularly?

Again, this idea of segregating infected cows.

So, again, the idea is, I think in another video we talked about,

putting leg bands on them to identify them.

We segregate those cows.

We milk them separately from everything else, so that if they do, let's say,

they have persistently high somatic cell count or

they're chronic mastitis, we milk them separate so

they're not passing it to other cows in the herd that are not infected.

And then again, using a dry cow antibiotic therapy for both kinds of mastitis.

If we look at environmental mastitis, we should be look at again their environment.

Where do they lay down?

What are they laying?

Bedding.

Stall design.

You notice the milking machine, milking procedure, show up in both of these.

That's kind of where it all comes together.

Teat dipping and again do they use vaccination?

Is a way to dampen down the clinical symptoms from environmental mastitis,

the clinical science.

And again, all these things are coming together.

How do they impact this teat?

How they impact the ability for the pathogen to get into the mammary glands.

So, this gives the idea how really we look,

how do we look, how do we think about this.

Again breaking down to this two types of mastitis

always recognizing either maybe one more culprit getting there.

So, now the tool we have available to help us understand the whats the cause of herd

level mastitis problem is doing bacterial culture on milk samples.

Bulk tank milk samples.

We certainly do that and get that information.

There is certain kinds of bacteria that we would expect to be in the bulk tank.

There are the kinds that we would not expect to be there.

And so if some of those pathogens like Staph aureus we shouldn't see very much

Staph aureus in the bulk tank.

Unless there is Staph aureus causing herd level mastitis problem.

The other one there with getting down to the cow level and

getting to the quarter level.

And that is taking the sterile samples that we've talked about in another video.

This idea of taking alcohol swabs,

swabbing off making sure that teat's good and sterile in the bottom.

Stripping out a few squirts to get out any bacteria that might be in

the streak canal.

And then again, taking the sterile sample and holding it at an angle because any

dirt or dust or anything we don't want that to drop straight into the tube.

And so shooting out a stream of milk kind of at an angle so

we get a sterile sample of milk.

Do the bacterial culture on that and then use that information to help us really,

in a lot of cases confirm, that this is the pathogen that's causing the problem.

Now we really understand, how do we deal with this, how do we control it, how do we

put together a package that helps that producer eliminate that problem.

Let's go to the next slide, the last slide here.

So, as we're thinking about, and moving into our cases in the next several videos,

thinking about real cases in the herd level,

there's a certain sort of kind of things that we need to be concerned about.

What mastitis pathogens or risk factors might be involved in this?

So, this gets back to, really, almost the second one here.

What do we suspect is the contagious or environmental mastitis?

So, we start to see certain kinds of things that produce recalls and

says this is the kind of problem I have.

And in our brain, we think well, that almost sounds like a contagious or

an environmental problem.

Then we need to go back and say well,

these are the potential pathogens that might be causing those.

When we get to the farm,

we need to be looking at what are the risk factors that are there?

So, are they wearing gloves when they're milking?

Are the stalls being cleaned properly?

All those kinds of things.

What kind of records are available?

From that producer.

Again, are the DHI?

That give us an excel count monthly for cows.

Do they keep any records on the clinical cases?

Every time they treat a cow for clinical mastitis,

are they actually writing it down somewhere?

So they know how many clinical cases they have and those kinds of things.

Observations of housing and enviroment around the animal, herd management,

all those kinds of things we need to start making observations on,

pulling all the observations together to understand and

get the full story of what's going on in that herd.

Clearly, because that milking procedure and

milking management is where everything comes together.

We need to really watch carefully what's going on during milking.

And then management of the cows, whether they're coming to the parlor,

how long they're held in the holding lot.

Are they allowed to go straight back to the barn and lay down right away?

Are they fed?

All those kinds of things.

We need to watch all those procedures.

And then finally, as I just kind of indicated, what kind of samples might help

us and particularly, bulk tank milk samples, bacteriological samples.

With bacteria, the cultures on those, and as well as doing the cultures on

cows that may be infected and quarters that may be infected.

And those kinds of things help us ultimately solve these problems.

So as we look at these cases, one of things I'm going to kind of remind you of

is that these are the kinds of things we need to be thinking about before we go out

to the farm, before we kind of really get considering what's going on on the farm.

And hopefully we'll get all this information and it will allow us to say

this is the problem, this is how to prevent it, this is how we control it.

And give that milk producer some good advice on how to deal with their problem.

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