[SOUND]. So where should we look for the culprit? We have our problem. Where do we look? On the contagious side this matches up with what we've just been talking about. We look at the milking machine, we need to check that out. Look at the milking procedure, those are two really key things. Milker's hands, again are they wearing gloves? Are they washing their hands periodically? Teat dipping, is that being used and being used routinely, regularly? Again, this idea of segregating infected cows. So, again, the idea is, I think in another video we talked about, putting leg bands on them to identify them. We segregate those cows. We milk them separately from everything else, so that if they do, let's say, they have persistently high somatic cell count or they're chronic mastitis, we milk them separate so they're not passing it to other cows in the herd that are not infected. And then again, using a dry cow antibiotic therapy for both kinds of mastitis. If we look at environmental mastitis, we should be look at again their environment. Where do they lay down? What are they laying? Bedding. Stall design. You notice the milking machine, milking procedure, show up in both of these. That's kind of where it all comes together. Teat dipping and again do they use vaccination? Is a way to dampen down the clinical symptoms from environmental mastitis, the clinical science. And again, all these things are coming together. How do they impact this teat? How they impact the ability for the pathogen to get into the mammary glands. So, this gives the idea how really we look, how do we look, how do we think about this. Again breaking down to this two types of mastitis always recognizing either maybe one more culprit getting there. So, now the tool we have available to help us understand the whats the cause of herd level mastitis problem is doing bacterial culture on milk samples. Bulk tank milk samples. We certainly do that and get that information. There is certain kinds of bacteria that we would expect to be in the bulk tank. There are the kinds that we would not expect to be there. And so if some of those pathogens like Staph aureus we shouldn't see very much Staph aureus in the bulk tank. Unless there is Staph aureus causing herd level mastitis problem. The other one there with getting down to the cow level and getting to the quarter level. And that is taking the sterile samples that we've talked about in another video. This idea of taking alcohol swabs, swabbing off making sure that teat's good and sterile in the bottom. Stripping out a few squirts to get out any bacteria that might be in the streak canal. And then again, taking the sterile sample and holding it at an angle because any dirt or dust or anything we don't want that to drop straight into the tube. And so shooting out a stream of milk kind of at an angle so we get a sterile sample of milk. Do the bacterial culture on that and then use that information to help us really, in a lot of cases confirm, that this is the pathogen that's causing the problem. Now we really understand, how do we deal with this, how do we control it, how do we put together a package that helps that producer eliminate that problem. Let's go to the next slide, the last slide here. So, as we're thinking about, and moving into our cases in the next several videos, thinking about real cases in the herd level, there's a certain sort of kind of things that we need to be concerned about. What mastitis pathogens or risk factors might be involved in this? So, this gets back to, really, almost the second one here. What do we suspect is the contagious or environmental mastitis? So, we start to see certain kinds of things that produce recalls and says this is the kind of problem I have. And in our brain, we think well, that almost sounds like a contagious or an environmental problem. Then we need to go back and say well, these are the potential pathogens that might be causing those. When we get to the farm, we need to be looking at what are the risk factors that are there? So, are they wearing gloves when they're milking? Are the stalls being cleaned properly? All those kinds of things. What kind of records are available? From that producer. Again, are the DHI? That give us an excel count monthly for cows. Do they keep any records on the clinical cases? Every time they treat a cow for clinical mastitis, are they actually writing it down somewhere? So they know how many clinical cases they have and those kinds of things. Observations of housing and enviroment around the animal, herd management, all those kinds of things we need to start making observations on, pulling all the observations together to understand and get the full story of what's going on in that herd. Clearly, because that milking procedure and milking management is where everything comes together. We need to really watch carefully what's going on during milking. And then management of the cows, whether they're coming to the parlor, how long they're held in the holding lot. Are they allowed to go straight back to the barn and lay down right away? Are they fed? All those kinds of things. We need to watch all those procedures. And then finally, as I just kind of indicated, what kind of samples might help us and particularly, bulk tank milk samples, bacteriological samples. With bacteria, the cultures on those, and as well as doing the cultures on cows that may be infected and quarters that may be infected. And those kinds of things help us ultimately solve these problems. So as we look at these cases, one of things I'm going to kind of remind you of is that these are the kinds of things we need to be thinking about before we go out to the farm, before we kind of really get considering what's going on on the farm. And hopefully we'll get all this information and it will allow us to say this is the problem, this is how to prevent it, this is how we control it. And give that milk producer some good advice on how to deal with their problem. [SOUND]