Welcome back. In this lesson, we're going to describe the defect structures in SiO2. In the previous lecture, we talked about the complexities that are associated with the SiO2, or the silica glass, and now we're going to describe some of the defects that occur in this particular material. When we're above the glass transition temperature, we actually have a number of defects in this tetrahedral structure. That is, not all of the tetrahedra are connected to one another and as the temperature goes up toward the equilibrium melting temperature. And we look at the structure, we're going to find fewer and fewer of these tetrahedra connected, and then ultimately when we get above the equilibrium melting temperature, we're going to be in a situation where we have these independent tetrahedra in the liquid above the melting temperature. Now, one of the bonds in this particular case is broken. So we have three types of bonds that are present and those are connected. And normally they would be connected to a bridging oxygen and create a bridge between another tetrahedron, but they're missing. And as a consequence of that being missing, that behavior changes as a function of temperature when we look at the concentration of these types of defects. So at the equilibrium melting temperature we have essentially 100% of these defects present in the structure. As we go down in temperature we get fewer and fewer of them. And then eventually as the temperature decreases, below the glass transition temperature, they eventually wind up having connected all of the bonds, and the structure of the tetrahedron is an interconnection of the network and we have all our bridging oxygens restored. So, above the glass transition temperature we have a defect structure and the concentration of defects goes up. We get down to the glass transition temperature and as we go below the glass transition temperature toward absolute zero, the number of these defects begin to disappear. Now one of the ways that we can describe the process of the development of these defects is if we look at this random structure which is what we would have at absolute zero. All of the tetrahedra are connected and consequently all of our oxygens are bridging, but as you can see here, it's a random structure. Now what will happen is rather than looking at the tetrahedra let's just consider looking at the bonds. So what I've done here in the visual is to replace the si and o bond with a circle and I've connected these altogether. So, the structure I now have is a bond structure describing what we would have at absolute zero. Now, when I start increasing the temperature above absolute zero, I'm beginning to see the presence of defects. These defects are in a sense kind of like the defects we talk about with respect to vacancies, except there are greater concentrations of these types of defects, but with increasing temperatures, the number of those red circles indicating broken bonds increases. Eventually, we get to the point at some temperature we find that we're able to get clusters of these to come together and we begin to get these clusters as cluster continue to develop and the structure becomes more defective as the temperature goes up. Thank you.