Feminist theorist Nel Nodding, had a similar viewpoint, and
argued that ethical theories were too male-centered by focusing on reason,
and law, and justice, which were thought to be inherently male values, and
not enough on feminine values, such as empathy, relatedness, and responsiveness.
This is not to say that justice was no longer important, but
justice was seen as an extension of caring.
As Nodding argues in her book Starting at Home, justice itself is dependent
on caring about, and caring about is in turn dependent on caring for.
Although feminist ethics or care ethics were founded in the idea that men and
women differ in their ethical and moral decision-making,
this perspective prescribes how both women and
men can engage in decision-making that is characterized by putting oneself
in someone else's shoes and acting on feelings of empathy.
In fact, feminist ethics has been criticized for being too female-biased and
for doing exactly the same as the dominant perspectives they criticize.
That is, focusing on the biological and social differences between man and
woman rather than on a universal human being.
Now, third way for post modern feminism, also emphasizes how women and
men differ amongst each other in their tendencies to be rational and caring.
So what does this mean for communication ethics?
Well first of all, in order to be ethical,
we must be able to take the perspective of someone with the different gender,
race, nationality, educational background, or class.
It means we must engage in self-reflection and
be aware that we are prone to errors and biases based on our own social context.
It means being open to feedback and
objectively listening to the viewpoints of others.
Government censorship or other legal action is not a solution.
Ethical dilemmas should be resolved through engaging in critical
conversations and informed debate.
For communication research,
it means choosing the topics that have societal relevance and benefits.
Listening to one's participants and stakeholders, and
being open to their suggestions.
It also involves making sure that research findings reach stakeholders and
a wider audience, preferably while the research is still being carried out.