ALOHA Successful Transmission

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Del curso dictado por Princeton University

Networks Illustrated: Principles without Calculus

39 calificaciones

Princeton University

Networks Illustrated: Principles without Calculus

39 calificaciones

What makes WiFi faster at home than at a coffee shop? How does Google order its search results from the trillions of webpages on the Internet? Why does Verizon charge $15 for every GB of data we use? Is it really true that we are connected in six social steps or less? These are just a few of the many intriguing questions we can ask about the social and technical networks that form integral parts of our daily lives. This course is about exploring the answers, using a language that anyone can understand. We will focus on fundamental principles like “sharing is hard”, “crowds are wise”, and “network of networks” that have guided the design and sustainability of today’s networks, and summarize the theories behind everything from the social connections we make on platforms like Facebook to the technology upon which these websites run. Unlike other networking courses, the mathematics included here are no more complicated than adding and multiplying numbers. While mathematical details are necessary to fully specify the algorithms and systems we investigate, they are not required to understand the main ideas. We use illustrations, analogies, and anecdotes about networks as pedagogical tools in lieu of detailed equations. Please note that per Princeton University policy, no certificates, credentials or reports are awarded in connection with this course.

De la lección

Random Access in Wifi Networks

In this lesson, we will investigate WiFi, another type of wireless network. Rather than having stringent power control algorithms as we saw for cellular, WiFi relies on "random access" methods to manage interference among users in the same location.

Unlicensed Spectrum5:01

Traffic Analogy4:43

WiFi Standards5:34

WiFi Deployment6:24

Accessing WiFi10:55

Interference7:49

Controlled vs. Random Access6:49

Random Access Protocols & ALOHA7:00

ALOHA Successful Transmission5:15

ALOHA Throughput7:12

ALOHA Inscalability8:19

CSMA Carrier Sensing5:54

CSMA Backoff7:49

CSMA vs. ALOHA5:41

Conoce a los instructores

Christopher Brinton
Visiting Researcher and Lecturer
Department of Electrical Engineering
Mung Chiang
Professor
Electrical Engineering

Let's try now to come up with a way to describe the throughput in an ALOHA based

WiFi network. So, let's consider the situation again

where we have three devices, A, B and C. And then, we have two access points, D

and E, all of which are WiFi stations. Again, and all of which can interfere

with one another. So, first, let's look at the different

probabilities and things what, so what has to happen for a successful

transmission? Well, two things has to happen at the

same time. The first is that one station has to

transmit. We looked at it before, if probability of

transmission is too low, then those stations might transmit.

And therefore, there's no successful transmission and no throughput in that

time slot. So, what's the probability of having one

station transmit? So, let's look at station B.

And we want to say, for station B, what's the probability that station B is going

to transmit in this time slot? Well, simple, it's just ProbTrans, which

we said before. So, we could just write down here,

ProbTrans for that probability. the second thing that must happen though

is that every other station has to not transmit.

So, while B will transmit in this time slot, we have to ensure that A, C, D and

E each will not transmit. Okay, so now, we're just taking the

logical negation of the probability that it transmits.

So, if there is a 10% chance that you transmit, then that means there's a 90%

chance that you don't transmit. If there is a 1% chance that you

transmit, that means there is a 99% chance that you don't.

Just like heads and tails. When you flip the coin, the chance to get

heads is 50% and the chance to get tails is 1 minus 0.5, or 100% minus 50% which

is 50%. So now, when we express probabilities and

that's another thing we should point out. In everyday speech we would say the

probability of something would be 10% or 20%, and we use a percent sign.

When we write them in mathematical equations we express them typically in

decimal form unless otherwise stated. So, 50% is the same thing as saying 0.5,

in probability. So, the probability must always range

between 0 and 1. A 0 means that it'll never happen, and

that 1 means that it will always happen. So, ProbTrans, for instance, if we made

ProbTrans 0, then that means that the stations would never transmit.

Clearly, that's very undesirable because then you're never going to get any

throughput. But then, at the same time if you've made

them all 1 or 100%, then they would all be constantly transmitting which is also

undesirable. Because then, you would also have no

throughput. So again, it needs to be somewhere in

between, but so we back to this again we are saying that every other station has

to not transmit in this time slot. Okay, so ProbTrans the probability that b

or any other station transmits. The probability that another station

doesn't transmit is 1 minus ProbTrans. And it's not just one station though.

Every station must not transmit. And so, when we say and which we're

saying A does not transmit and D does not transmit and C does not transmit and E

does not transmit, we multiply probabilities multiply as long as they're

independent. And we're talking about things happening

simulationously. And we won't get into what we mean by

independence. Thinks on those source.

Suffice it to say that these are independent events, therefore we multiply

the probability. So, we have 1 minus ProbTrans, then we

multiply that by 1 minus ProbTrans. And again, for the third station times 1

minus ProbTrans. And then again for the fourth station,

time 1 minus ProbTrans. So, we just want to do that

multiplication four times because it's four different devices that have to not

be transmitting at the same time. And this is that probability.

So, suppose, for instance, the probability of transmission was 50%, then

1 minus the probability of transmitting would also be 50%.

So, we'd have 0.5 times 0.5 times 0.5 times 0.5.

And that would give us 0.25 times 0.5 is 0.125 times 0.5 is 0.0625 is that.

and you can take other examples into that out.

But basically we're just multiplying this through, and you just have to subtract 1,

do 1 minus ProbTrans. So, if it was, for instance, 20%, then

this would be 1 minus that is 0.8. And then, multiplied by 0.8 again, will

give you 0.64. And then, keep doing that multiplication

four times to get the probability that every other station is not going to be

transmitting except for the one that we're looking at.

And you can more conveniently express this.

This is just a side note as 1 minus ProbTrans to the 4th power and that

denotes multiplying four times.

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