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Intellectual Disability

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Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life

Universidad de Chicago

4.9 (905 calificaciones) | 88K estudiantes inscritos

Learn how the nervous system produces behavior, how we use our brain every day, and how neuroscience can explain the common problems afflicting people today. We will study functional human neuroanatomy and neuronal communication, and then use this information to understand how we perceive the outside world, move our bodies voluntarily, stay alive, and play well with others.

Destrezas que aprenderás

Brain, Neurological Disorders, Neurobiology, Neurology

Revisiones

4.9 (905 calificaciones)

5 stars
809 ratings
4 stars
88 ratings
3 stars
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2 stars
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1 star
2 ratings

JK

May 29, 2017

The course is easy to understand while it has covered quite a lot of details on neurobiology. It is also inspiring to feel the Prof. Mason's love for the neurobiology through the course.

RM

May 29, 2017

This is a must-take course to learn about the self and the world around us as it relates to neurobiology. Professor Peggy Mason rocks. Very glad I opted for this class, learned so much!

De la lección

Abstract Function

You've now learned an incredible amount about the way the brain functions to perceive and act upon the world we live in. You've gained an understanding of neurobiology on a cellular level, and how many diseases and disorders of the nervous system can affect our bodies and minds. In our final module, we will journey into the realms of emotion, attention, memory, and language. By the end of this module, you will have a greater understanding of the more abstract cognitive functions the brain.

Introduction to Language3:43

Intellectual Disability6:13

Impartido por:

Peggy Mason
Professor

Transcripción

[MUSIC]

So, one of the emergent properties of the entire cerebral cortex.

Is intelligence.

And we've toyed with various versions through

the, centuries of what, what is intelligence.

And of late, I actually don't really know, The most

the latest thinking on this in, in the world of psychology, but at

one recent point, the idea of g as a general intelligence, a measure

of general intelligence had some degree of popularity.

I think that right now, what has.

Become more popular, what has become more evident, is

that there are a number of intelligences that emerge

from the cerebral cortex, and in fact, also from the cerebellar cortex.

Remember that the cere=abela is really important

for finely tuned and very delicate movements.

Movements that we, we actually teach ourselves.

So dance movements and musical,

playing musical instruments and athletic movements.

All of these kinds of things.

Are depend on cerebellum.

So intelligence and an ability to develop the cortices to produce

intelligence and intelligences is something that happens over development.

And as it turns out,.

Problems with developmental intellectual, which

is another cognitive, intellectual disability.

That's about 5% of the population.

So this problem with intelligence

affects an enormous number of people, 5% is an enormous proportion of people.

Most of the diseases that we've talked about affect 1 in 100,000.

So 5% of the population, that is amazing.

And.

Or, or that's a real, large number.

So, what kinds of things give us intellectual disability?

Well, there are an inherited types of intellectual disability.

Such as Fragile X Syndrome, Down Syndrome.

There are environmentally induced.

Forms of intellectual disability, such as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

And there are inherited forms genetic mutational

forms that are, such as Phenylketonuria.

So the inability to process a particular amino acid which leads to a

buildup of one amino acid, which produces an intellectual disability.

And [COUGH].

What is it about the cerebral cortex or about the

cerebellar cortex what is it about it that produces intellectual disability?

So at one point people thought oh, well if the brain is too small

or if it's too smooth, if we lose these hills and valleys, these sulci and gyri.

Then we've lost too much surface area and there's, there's not

enough cerebral cortex to produce

eh, intelligent intelligences and intelligent functions.

But the fact is that, in fact several of

the intellectual disabilities are associated

with bigger than average brains.

And that's true of autism and it's true of Fa, Fragile X Syndrome.

So it's not, it's not one thing that leads to it.

It's not too much brain, or too little brain, or too few neurons.

It can be ea, each of those things.

It can also be misdirected dendrites.

It can be mis,

Misaligned synapses, synapses that don't work well wrong connections, there

are all number of, all manner of things that can go wrong in the cerebral cortex.

But one of the most interesting things that we've learned is that even

as there are problems with some pieces of cognition.

Other pieces of cognition can be just fine and maybe even flourish.

And that's something that's evident in the syndrome that we call the Suvall syndrome.

So people who are, for instance, compromised in social behavior.

But can calculate the day of the week of any date in, in the last three millennium.

So, so these people have intelligence they may have mathematical

or artistic or musical intelligences that are off the charts.

But they also have intelligences that are not working so well.

And that's a, I think probably going to be a more fruitful way to think about this.

Is there one problem that underlies such loss of an intelligent function?

And the answer is probably, almost certainly not.

But there are multiple ways and hopefully in

the next years we will start to identify

exactly what's gone wrong in these various syndromes

and, and start to be able to correct it.

[MUSIC]

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