Continuing on for primate conservation, we are going to go ahead and start discussing our first region. So we are going to be focusing in on the Neotropics. Okay, so here we have a map of the Neotropics and the species that we're going to be discussing. So we will talk about Callithrix, so one of our marmosets, who is located in Brazil, so that's the yellow on the right-hand side. We'll be talking about Saguinus, which is one of our tamarins, also located in Brazil, and that's going to be that red area. We've got Cebus, so one of our capuchins, and that is in Ecuador, and that is shown on the map in blue. We've got our Placturocebus, which are one of our titi monkeys, and that's going to be located in Bolivia, so that is going to be that green right there in the middle. We've got Alouatta, so one of our howler monkeys, also located in Brazil and down into Argentina, and that is highlighted on the map as orange. And then the last piece is Ateles, so our spider monkeys, located in Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, and is highlighted in purple. So kind of a good range and distributions of creatures through this area. How are we going to go through discussing each one of the species, what kind of? So we have our region, so obviously Neotropics, it's the Central American spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi. And I apologize if I butcher some of these Latin binomials, I'm trying my best for a lot of these guys. This is an endangered species, so not necessarily critically endangered, but we do have a very wide distribution, a wide range, as we saw on the distribution map. Some of the threats that the species is facing, so we've got habitat loss, we've got habitat fragmentation, we've got pet trade, and we've got hunting. So each one of these things is going to be greatly affecting their distribution, is going to be affecting their population numbers. They're very, very popular in the pet trade, and they're also hunted out, in some instances I've heard for food, but it's one more creature that unfortunately does attract attention in the forest. One of the other things that's interesting about this particular species and where it kind of lives is they talk about the narco effect rates, in terms of deforestation related to illegal drug trade, are 20 to 60% per year in parts of the spider monkeys range. So the forests are being cut down so that they can go ahead and they can produce drugs in those regions. So, Next species that we can look at is the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset. And I love these guys' little faces, it looks like a little skull, right there. It is Callithrix aurita. Some of the things that have affected them, so we got habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, competition, and hybridization, and last, disease. So another endangered primate. And these are one of the creatures that lives in that Atlantic Forest, which is one of the Brazilian biomes. And when we say disease, what we're talking about is yellow fever. So the Atlantic Forest is one of the most heavily populated in Brazil, and a substantial part of it is now an archipelago of small islands of vegetation. So you have this landscape matrix that has degraded areas, pasture, agriculture, forestry, and then urban areas. So instead of being a contiguous forest, you have this varied matrix on there. When we talk about disease, one of the problems with this is in 2016 and 2017, yellow fever virus emerged in eastern Brazil. And it was the largest outbreak of yellow fever observed in recent history, and had a great impact on the country's nonhuman primate populations. So we have lots of disease coming up in urban areas, lots of disease within humans. And that's spreading because of this landscape matrix into the wild populations of animals, where unfortunately it did a lot of damage to the population. Okay, pied tamarin, and this is Saguinus bicolor. And some of the threats that it faces are anthropogenic effect, I'll explain that in a second, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and competition. So when we talk about anthropogenic effects, it is anything kind of human-caused. So we have urban expansion, we've got roads, we've got colonization for some new areas, got agricultural and also cattle ranching. So when you're suddenly having all these humans coming into these areas, what we're finding is pied tamarins are being run over by cars. They're being electrocuted as they're trying to use power lines to traverse from one area to another. They're being attacked by cats and dogs, and then they also are captured as pets. So it's going to be seen as something unique, they get captured, they get taken, they get harassed by animals that have moved into their landscape. Another threat is disease. And really, not much is known about the effects of parasites or pathogens in the free-living or captive animals. So it's definitely something that can be of major concern for both in situ, so inside the forest, and ex situ, so thinking about rescue centers, in terms of conservation measures. Let's see, there has been some positive, so this is where the list really kind of can come into its own. So there's been recent research and conservation measures that have kind of taken a positive turn and gotten the local population involved to help really save these animals. Okay, next we have the Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin, this is Cebus aquatorialis. Some of the things that they are facing is, again, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation. And they really are seen as competition or as a pest species. So a lot of ranching and agricultural effect that is going on in some of these areas, so it's a lot of the conversion of their lands and a lot of the kind of habitat fragmentation. One of the things that I love about capuchins is they're so intelligent. And they are considered to be destructive foragers. So here you can see the picture of the capuchin, he's going through and he's on that epiphyte, so he's on that plant. And when these guys forage, they don't just kind of move stuff out of the way, they rip things apart looking for insects, looking for nuts, looking for berries, I mean, incredibly destructive. So that's why they'e really considered a pest as well because they come into plantations of corn, bananas, plantain, cacao, and they'll start kind of rooting through it and destroying the crops as they go. So they're persecuted for that and they're hunted to kind of keep the animals, to keep this pest species out of their crops. There's also, they exist in areas of mangroves. And local people a lot of times see them as competition in terms of crab hunting and will shoot them or shoot them off to keep them away from the crabs. So the humans say, no, no, those are ours, you can't take those. They also are taken for, as I said, for pets, so captive animals have been observed in villages and along the Ecuador and Peru borders. So a lot of people, you see these ones in movies quite often, they used to be very popular in the pet trade, and they still are popular in many instances. But it's definitely one of those things that is causing these animals to be endangered or almost extinct. Okay, the next one is Olalla Brothers' titi monkey, and this is Plecturocebus olallae. And what we have here is a limited or restricted range. So when we looked at the initial map, very, very small, little dot, just located there in Bolivia. You've got habitat fragmentation, you also have habitat loss. And then here we've got new road construction also being problematic. So there was really no information on wild Olalla Brothers' titi monkey populations for more than 60 years after its description. So initially it was thought that the species might have gone extinct. You've got a falling population size. And this habitat loss is linked to cattle ranching, which is the main economic activity in the region. So grasslands are burned annually to promote regeneration as pastures. But you get uncontrolled fires that can go through and affect forest patches and burn out some of the areas where the titi monkeys live. And also the smoke from nearby fires can result in loss of territory. So lots of anthropogenic effect, lots of human effect in these areas, which is making it more difficult for these guys. Okay, our brown howler monkey, which is Alouatta guariba. And we have habitat loss, we've got habitat fragmentation, and we've got disease again. So this is another one of those creatures that lives in that Atlantic Forest in Brazil and down into Argentina. And it really suffered extensive habitat loss. And what they found is that it's not just recent. This is one of the things that it"s since European arrival in South America more than five centuries ago. So during the colonization process, forest cover was broadly devastated due to exploitation of natural resources. So brazilwood, gold, extensive agriculture, so sugarcane and coffee, and cattle ranching. Howlers are also highly susceptible to yellow fever. So we discussed this with one of their earlier species about yellow fever outbreaks affecting them. And so what you really have are this disease interface, this disease matrix between humans and nonhuman primates going back and forth on it. There also is some misinformation and dissemination that people were afraid that they could get the disease directly from the monkeys. So rather than getting anywhere near them if there was an outbreak of it, many were injured or killed in the process. So those are our Neotropical primates that have made the list. Again, we see a lot of the same themes, we see habitat loss, habitat fragmentation. As there have been greater expanses of human activity, of anthropogenic effect through agriculture, through cattle ranching, through other farming techniques, we're seeing a lot of this area being lost to our primates. So we will go ahead and we'll continue on with the list.
