So this continued as a problem in American society. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which actually halted Chinese labor immigration for ten years and denied Chinese from becoming naturalized US citizens. In 1889, the US Supreme Court upheld this ban, ruling that it was okay for Congress to exclude Chinese from naturalized citizenship. In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, which made some attempt to give Native Americans an opportunity to become citizen of the United States. But that did not work very well. Very few Native Americans became citizens under the Dawes Act. It was an act saying that if they would resort to private property as opposed to travel property, engage in land ownership, that those persons could also have an opportunity to become citizens. But it didn't work very well, and it didn't really change the restrictions against Native Americans being citizens of the United States. In 1906, the 1882 law that restricted Chinese immigration did not specifically exclude Japanese, and several hundred Japanese immigrants were able to secure citizenship in the lower federal courts. But in 1906, the U.S. Attorney General ordered the federal courts to deny naturalization citizenship to Japanese aliens as well as Chinese. Now there's a series of cases that occurred from 1910 to the 1920s that finally culminated in a process in which the courts, in this case the U.S. Supreme Court, had to define what did the Naturalization Act mean by white person? What did it mean by others? And how did it exclude people based on race? And so, in a 1910 case Balsara versus the United States, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Asian Indians were Caucasians, and hence entitled to be considered white persons, and therefore Asian Indians were eligible to be citizens under the 1790 naturalization law. Then another case came up in 1922 in which Ozawa, a Japanese, sued for citizenship. And the Supreme Court decided that Ozawa was in every way eminently qualified under the statues to become an American citizen, except one. He was not white and therefore the Supreme Court ruled that he could not become a naturalized citizen of the United States. Now, one of the critical reversals of what was the 1910 rule happened in 1923, when another Asian Indian applied for citizenship under the Naturalization Act of 1790. In this case, the Supreme Court denied naturalized citizenship to Asian Indians, actually revoking their citizenship because they were not white. The court emphasized the fact that the 1790 law did not employ the word Caucasian, but the words white persons was used. The intention of the founding fathers, according to the Supreme Court in 1923, was that the framers of the 1790 Nationalization Act intended to confer privilege of citizenship upon that class of persons known as white. Now in 1924, the Congress then passed what is known as the American Indian Citizenship Act, which was to declare that all non-citizen Indians born within the territories of the United States were thereby declared citizens. A group that had been barred based upon their race or ethnicity, were now included in the Naturalization Act with the 1924 Congressional act. It continued with the 1925 Filipinos were declared ineligible, and 1934, they moved to strip Filipinos of their status as US nationals. And that went on until 1952 with the McCaren act in which Congress finally ruled that the right of the person to become a naturalized citizen of the United States shall not be denied or abridged because of race or sex or because such person is married. So from 1719 to 1752, the racial restrictions stood. And they were finally eliminated in 1952 with the McCaren Act.