2.4 Racial Exclusion for Asians and Native Americans

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Del curso dictado por University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Race and Cultural Diversity in American Life and History

12 calificaciones

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Race and Cultural Diversity in American Life and History

12 calificaciones

Learners will deepen their understanding and appreciation of ways in which race, ethnicity and cultural diversity have shaped American institutions, ideology, law, and social relationships from the colonial era to the present. Race and ethnicity are ideological and cultural categories that include all groups and individuals. Hence, this course is designed in significant part to take a broad look at the ideology of race and cultural diversity in America’s past and present. The primary focus is on the historical and social relationships among European Americans, Native Americans, African Americans, Latino/as, and Asian/Pacific Americans. Issues of race and ethnicity are examined across different ethno-cultural traditions in order to interweave diverse experiences into a larger synthesis of the meaning of race and ethnicity in American life. In this course, we conceive of “race” and “diversity” as references to the entire American population, even as we recognize that different groups have unique historical experiences resulting in distinctive and even fundamental cultural differences. We treat race and ethnicity as dynamic, complex ideological and cultural processes that shape all social institutions, belief systems, inter-group relationships, and individual experiences.

De la lección

Historical Legacies of Race in the United States

This module begins to address in greater detail a number of specific issues in the context of the United States: the legacy of slavery in the case of African Americans, the position of native Americans post colonization, and the particular circumstances of Asian American immigrants. These examples raise further complexity in the understanding of race and ethnicity.

2.1 Race: The Power of an Illusion2:08

2.2 Race in the Foundation of American Society8:33

2.3 Slavery as an Economic and Political System, and its Abolition8:47

2.4 Racial Exclusion for Asians and Native Americans4:57

2.5 Revisiting “Race” as a Socio-historical Construction6:11

2.6 Race and Immigration4:41

2.7 Practices of Racial Subordination8:55

2.8 Laws and Customs Based on Race2:34

2.9 Past Is Prologue2:56

Conoce a los instructores

James D. Anderson
Edward William and Jane Marr Gutsgell Professor of Education
Education Policy, Organization and Leadership

So this continued as a problem in American society.

In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act,

which actually halted Chinese labor immigration for ten years and

denied Chinese from becoming naturalized US citizens.

In 1889, the US Supreme Court upheld this ban, ruling that it was okay for

Congress to exclude Chinese from naturalized citizenship.

In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, which made some attempt

to give Native Americans an opportunity to become citizen of the United States.

But that did not work very well.

Very few Native Americans became citizens under the Dawes Act.

It was an act saying that if they would resort to private property as opposed to

travel property, engage in land ownership,

that those persons could also have an opportunity to become citizens.

But it didn't work very well, and it didn't really change the restrictions

against Native Americans being citizens of the United States.

In 1906, the 1882 law that restricted Chinese immigration

did not specifically exclude Japanese, and several hundred Japanese immigrants were

able to secure citizenship in the lower federal courts.

But in 1906, the U.S. Attorney General ordered the federal courts to

deny naturalization citizenship to Japanese aliens as well as Chinese.

Now there's a series of cases that occurred from 1910 to the 1920s that

finally culminated in a process in which the courts, in this case the U.S.

Supreme Court, had to define what did the Naturalization Act mean by white person?

What did it mean by others?

And how did it exclude people based on race?

And so, in a 1910 case Balsara versus the United States,

the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Asian Indians were Caucasians,

and hence entitled to be considered white persons, and therefore Asian Indians

were eligible to be citizens under the 1790 naturalization law.

Then another case came up in 1922 in which Ozawa, a Japanese, sued for citizenship.

And the Supreme Court decided that Ozawa was in every way

eminently qualified under the statues to become an American citizen, except one.

He was not white and therefore the Supreme Court ruled that he could not become

a naturalized citizen of the United States.

Now, one of the critical reversals of what was the 1910 rule happened in 1923,

when another Asian Indian applied for

citizenship under the Naturalization Act of 1790.

In this case, the Supreme Court denied naturalized citizenship to Asian Indians,

actually revoking their citizenship because they were not white.

The court emphasized the fact that the 1790 law did not employ

the word Caucasian, but the words white persons was used.

The intention of the founding fathers, according to the Supreme Court in 1923,

was that the framers of the 1790 Nationalization Act intended

to confer privilege of citizenship upon that class of persons known as white.

Now in 1924, the Congress then passed what is

known as the American Indian Citizenship Act,

which was to declare that all non-citizen Indians born

within the territories of the United States were thereby declared citizens.

A group that had been barred based upon their race or ethnicity,

were now included in the Naturalization Act with the 1924 Congressional act.

It continued with the 1925 Filipinos were declared ineligible, and

1934, they moved to strip Filipinos of their status as US nationals.

And that went on until 1952 with the McCaren

act in which Congress finally ruled that the right of the person to become

a naturalized citizen of the United States shall not be denied or

abridged because of race or sex or because such person is married.

So from 1719 to 1752, the racial restrictions stood.

And they were finally eliminated in 1952 with the McCaren Act.

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