Désirez-vous apprendre à mettre en œuvre des solutions d’assainissement abordables et adaptées à différents contextes ? Voulez-vous connaître les derniers développement dans le domaine de la planification de l’assainissement urbain ? Êtes-vous intéressés par des exemples de systèmes d’assainissement urbain qui fonctionnent dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu ? Si oui, alors ce cours est pour vous ! Le cours débute par une introduction à la planification intégrée de l’assainissement et adresse aussi bien la planification à l’échelle de la ville que la planification dans des contextes spécifiques tels que les quartiers informels. Après un survol des différentes approches de planification de l’assainissement, vous aurez l’occasion de passer en revue les différents systèmes et technologies possibles, la terminologie et concepts clé, et comprendre pourquoi il est crucial de réfléchir en termes de « système intégré » pour la planification de l’assainissement urbain. Le cours couvre toute la chaîne de l’assainissement et fournit de l’information détaillée sur les systèmes d’assainissement adaptés aux contextes à faibles et moyen revenus (par exemple, des systèmes basés sur les fosses sèches, des systèmes décentralisés avec différents réseaux d’égout, le transport des eaux noires). Eawag-Sandec et EPFL offrent ce cours conjointement avec des experts en assainissement de la Banque Mondiale et de l’OMS. SERIE DE MOOC « EAU, ASSAINISSEMENT ET DÉCHETS SOLIDES DANS LES CONTEXTES DU DÉVELOPPEMENT » Ce cours est l’un des quatre cours de la série « Eau, Assainissement et Déchets Solides dans les Contextes du Développement ». VERSION ANGLAISE DE CE COURS Ce cours est offert simultanément en français et en anglais. Le nom du cours en anglais est « Planning & Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies ».
2.4 Technologies d’interface utilisateur
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Del curso dictado por École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement
75 calificaciones
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
75 calificaciones
De la lección
Systèmes & Technologies d’Assainissement
Après avoir présenté différents cadre de planification de l’assainissement, vous aborderez l’approche de systèmes pour l’assainissement environnemental, la terminologie et les concepts-clés ainsi que les raisons pour lesquelles une pensée en termes de « système » est crucial pour l’assainissement urbain.
Conoce a los instructores
Christoph LüthiDr.
Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development / Eawag
Hi! My name is Lukas Ulrich
and I am an Environmental Engineer.
I work at the Department Sandec at Eawag
in the research group on Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning.
In this module we will start looking at the different technologies
which can be used to design a sanitation system.
We will go through the technologies, functional group by functional group,
from the user interface to final disposal or end use.
In this course we cannot cover all technologies in detail,
but we will give a brief introduction to most of them.
If you would like to learn more about a specific technology,
I recommend you to read the corresponding section
in the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies.
The Compendium provides a double-page description
with further explanations for 54 different technologies.
So, let's get started with the first functional group: the User Interface.
The User Interface describes the type of toilet, pedestal, pan,
or urinal with which the user interacts.
It is the way by which the user accesses the sanitation system.
The user interface must guarantee
that human excreta is hygienically separated from human contact
to prevent exposure to fecal contamination
In this module, you will get to know
which different user interface technologies there are,
and how they function.
You will learn which input products they can deal with,
and which output products they generate.
You will also find out what needs to be considered
to choose and design a user interface for a specific context.
So, let's take a look where our friends Pee and Poo can go.
The oldest and most widespread user interface option is the dry toilet.
In its simplest form, it consists of a slab with a drop hole
and possibly footrests to provide some user guidance.
This design is suitable for those who prefer to squat.
For users who prefer sitting on a toilet, a pedestal can be installed.
Let's take a look at the products which can go into a dry toilet,
and what comes out of it.
Obviously, feces and urine go into the toilet.
Anal cleansing water and dry cleansing materials
can also possibly be input products;
however, they do not always occur, and for some subsequent technologies,
it is not recommended to put them into the toilet.
This is indicated by the grey font and the dashed lines.
Whether anal cleansing water or dry cleansing materials occur or not,
of course, depends on the user preferences.
As you can see on this diagram,
flush water is not listed among the inputs.
That is why we call it "the dry toilet".
When urine and feces are mixed, they are called <i>excreta</i>.
This is the principal output product of a dry toilet.
Depending on the local context,
anal cleansing water and dry cleansing materials
may be mixed into it, indicated by the "+".
This way of structuring the input and output products of a user interface
may seem unnecessarily complex, but when we design a sanitation system
it allows us to select a compatible technology which can follow.
In this case, the subsequent technology should be able to deal with excreta
as an input product.
In these photos, a few different dry toilet designs are shown.
You can see that different materials can be used,
from wood, which may be a bit difficult to clean,
to concrete, and prefabricated plastic.
Also, the drop hole can take different shapes.
The keyhole design, for example, is a very common one.
A round slab has the advantage that it can be rolled.
For example, to move it to a new pit when the old one is full.
A lid may provide a certain barrier against odors and flies,
but is not always recommended, especially for subsequent collection technologies
which need to be ventilated.
Now, let's look at another type of dry toilet,
the Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet or UDDT.
This option allows to separately collect urine and feces.
The one I have here is a plastic model from China.
It has a lid which a user can open with one foot, and close again.
The special thing about this user interface technology
is that it has kind of a funnel in the front
where our friend Pee can go.
For our other friend, Poo, there is the drop hole at the back,
where he just can jump in.
This technology option is of particular interest
for those who want to use the normally sterile
and nutrient rich urine as a fertilizer in agriculture.
A Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet can be designed in various ways
to suit the preferences of almost all users.
It can be a squat model, as the one from China I showed,
or it can be a pedestal to sit on.
For those who use water to cleanse rather than dry cleansing materials,
designs exist which have a separate bowl
for the collection of anal cleansing water.
The input products of a urine-diverting dry toilet are exactly the same
as for the regular dry toilets.
The difference can be seen in the output product,
where pee and poo stay separate and do not form excreta together.
Depending on the dry cleansing materials used
and the subsequent collection technology,
dry cleansing materials may go into the drop hole with the feces.
Anal cleansing water is never mixed with feces,
because they should always stay dry.
Where anal cleansing water is used, it should always be collected
in a separate compartment of the toilet and disposed of separately.
These pictures show a wide range of different urine-diverting dry toilets
with squatting models above, and sitting models below.
Urine-diverting dry toilets can be made of ceramics, concrete, or plastics.
They can even be self-made using a funnel and a bucket
as shown in this image here.
Where men prefer to stand for urination rather than sitting or squatting,
it can be a good idea to install a urinal to collect their urine.
Urinals also exist in different designs,
and they can be water-flushed or waterless.
Inputs include urine, and in case of flush models, also flushwater.
Depending on the design, urine emanates
in undiluted form, or diluted with flushwater.
Especially where the urine is collected in a tank
and where it is supposed to be used as a fertilizer,
it is recommended to collect it without dilution, to reduce the volume.
Urinals can take a variety of shapes,
and are usually made of materials like plastics or ceramics.
All the urinals shown here are waterless ones,
except this one here, which has later on been retrofitted to be waterless
by closing all the holes in the drain except one
to limit the odor emissions.
Waterless urinals should always be fitted with an odor seal,
such as the rubber one shown in this picture.
There are also designs for women,
but they are not widely available and implemented.
Those two here on the right side are female designs.
The next technology is the Pour Flush Toilet.
It has its name from the bucket
that is used to pour water into the bowl to flush it.
Pour flush toilets should be equipped with a U-bend,
also called S-trap or gooseneck, which acts as a water seal.
This seal effectively prevents odors or insects
from returning to the user interface.
In addition to the input products
that we already had for the dry toilet options,
the pour flush toilet depends on a source of flush water to function.
The product that comes out of the user interface
is the mix of excreta, flushwater, and possibly anal cleansing water
or dry cleansing materials, called <i>blackwater</i>.
Pour flush toilets are mostly made of ceramics
and typically in the squatting design.
Pour flush sitting toilets have also been developed,
but they are not widely available and implemented.
The Cistern Flush Toilet or water closet
is another very widespread and well-known water-based user interface.
It also has a water seal, and is equipped with a water-filled cistern.
When the user operates the flush mechanism
the water from the system is released into the toilet bowl
to carry away the excreta to the next functional group.
Both sitting and squatting models exist.
The input and output products of a cistern flush toilet
are exactly the same
as those previously shown for the pour flush technology.
Blackwater is also generated as an output
but normally in larger quantities than in the pour flush toilet,
due to the higher water use.
Cistern flush toilets exist since more than two centuries,
but only became a popular industrial product
in the late 19th Century,
with its worldwide spread starting from Europe.
As you can see on the right-hand side,
flush toilets looked quite different in the beginning
from how we know them today.
The urine-diversion principle
has also been applied to the cistern flush toilet
as urine-diverting flush toilets were developed in more recent years.
This user interface technology is equipped with a bowl for the collection of urine
and with a water seal through which the feces are carried away.
There are designs with valves which close during the flush
to collect undiluted urine.
Other designs do not prevent a small quantity of flush water
from entering the urine pipe.
The urine-diverting flush toilet has, again, the same inputs
as a pour flush system or a cistern flush toilet:
Feces, urine, flush water, anal cleansing water
and dry cleansing materials;
however, the urine is not mixed with the other products,
but separately collected.
The resulting urine-free product which is flushed away
is therefore called <i>brownwater</i>.
This technology also exists in different shapes and colors,
and as sit and squat models.
This design here is also installed at the Eawag offices.
It collects urine, which we use for our research,
mainly to study ways how to recover nutrients
for the production of fertilizers.
The blue diversion toilet, which was developed by Eawag
in collaboration with industrial designers from EOOS in Austria
is a special variant of the urine-diverting flush toilet.
It also has a flush, but only to clean the urine collection bowl
as you can see here in the image.
The water is then treated and recycled.
Feces and urine, they are not mixed with flush water.
Therefore, this design does not generate brownwater as an output.
Urine-diverting flush toilets are not very widespread yet
because of some design challenges, high cost, and limited demand.
We now have seen six different options for the user interface,
but how can we choose the right one for a given context?
There are a number of factors on which the technology choice depends.
The availability of water is crucial for all technologies which depend
on flush water to carry away the excreta.
The user interface should, of course, also take into account
the preferences and habits of the people who use it.
Are they sitters or squatters? Washers of wipers?
Another important factor is the local availability.
Can I find the technology on the local market,
or can I build it myself?
As we have seen, the different technologies
generate different output products with very different characteristics.
This influences the technology which can come next,
be it a collection and storage technology or a conveyance technology.
Last but not least, special needs of user groups should also be considered,
such as the needs of children, elderly, or disabled.
People's needs change based on age, location,
health, physical ability, mental state, etc.
The concept of inclusive design takes this into consideration.
Inclusive design aims to remove barriers that exclude people
from being able to use facilities as a result of their evolving needs.
It ensures equitable access for all, including marginalized user groups
which may, in some cases, also face some barriers
and exclusion from sanitation and hygiene facilities.
An example of inclusive design is the provision of ramps
or the installation of handrails in toilets
to ensure easy access.
Inclusive design considerations are of particular importance
for facilities at schools or health centers and for public toilets.
In the last few minutes we have gone through
a variety of designs through which people access a sanitation system.
To sum it all up, I would like to highlight four key points.
Different designs have been developed for different user preferences and habits,
such as squatting and sitting toilets
as well as options which allow the use of different materials for cleansing,
such as water for washing, or dry materials for cleansing.
Second, there are two main types of interfaces:
dry technologies that operate without water,
and water-based technologies that need a regular supply of water
to properly function. Third,
different user interface technologies generate different output products.
This, of course, influences the subsequent type
of collection and storage technology or conveyance that is possible.
FInally, the design should not only consider
technical aspects and user preferences,
but also the barrier-free access for all users.
In the next modules, we will be looking at the following functional group:
Collection and Storage, and on-site treatment.
The following modules will also answer the question of this fellow here:
Where do the products generated at the user interface go?
See you later.
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