Let's start the class of history of semiconductor. I think history is very important because if you want to be an expert in some field, then you need to know the history. Think about who's done the innovation in this field, what kind of innovation they did, and you finding your position, what you can contribute in this field? That's why we need to learn the history. Semiconductor history is starting from the first electronic computer called ENIAC in 1946. ENIAC is consistent with 20,000 vacuum tube which is around 30 tons and [inaudible] using the punch card, and military, and telecommunication field. First, the speed is five kilohertz speed. Considering our CPU these days, the giga level, this is very slow with a huge size and weight. To reduce the weight and size, first, the semiconductor transistor is developed in 1947, AT&T Bell Lab. Three innovator in this field which is John Bardeen, Brattain, and William Shockley. First semi-conductor device based on germanium, not silicon. As shown in this image, they have one transistor with a germanium semiconductor. This semiconductor innovation rewarded with a Nobel Prize in 1956. Very interesting person is John Bardeen. After John Bardeen invented a semiconductor transistor in Bell Lab, he moved to the UIUC, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign as a professor at double E department. He innovated another theory of a superconductor called BCS, Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer. This super conductivity theory is also rewarded in a Nobel Prize in 1972. So he got the two Nobel Prize, very amazing person. Next person is William Shockley. William Shockley is one of the genius person. He was in Bell Lab and he invented bipolar junction transistor. In initial days of semiconductor started, BJT can be used in both application without switching element of digital 01 and also, amplifications. After inventing this innovative devices, he founded the Shockley Semiconductor Lab in West Coast of the United States. He gathered very smart people from the good university and then tried to innovate the semiconductor devices. However, his character is a little bit unique and maybe, employee of the Shockley Semiconductor Lab couldn't follow his order and they became the Traitorous Eight and betrayed William Shockley. People from the Traitorous Eight is such as Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce. They founded the Fairchild company which will become Intel later on. Another innovator in semiconductor is Jack Kilby. When he was in Texas Instrument, he invented the integrated circuit and get the Patent in 1959, and rewarded Nobel Prize in 2000. Integrated circuit is many transistor in one silicon device. If you look at the previous transistor innovation, there's only one transistor in one semiconductor. However, integrated circuit in one silicon chip, there can be a billions of transistor integrated in one single chip. If you're thinking about this integrated circuit, there is no other way to make a smartphone, CPU, DRAM. However, at that time in 1960, this is the first idea came from the Jack Kilby. Next person is the Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder. As I said, he is one of the Traitorous Eight. Also, Gordon Moore is famous for the Moore's Law, and he made a law about semiconductor industry which is doubling the circuit density every 18 months. This Gordon Moore law make many semiconductor engineer with a very hard time because to follow double density in every 18 months, which is extremely difficult. But because of this law, semiconductor industry is developed so fast as we are now experiencing. Intel first fabricates microprocessor in 1971. This image shows the first microprocessor starting from the semiconductor IC chip, and they packaged, and package inside, there's a huge integrated circuit. If you look at the cross section, there's a lot of metal line. In the bottom of the cross-section, there is one MOSFET. This MOSFET, we are going to learn. If we're learning only the MOSFET, the fundamental driving circuit is front-end technology. Other than the front-end of technology, there's a lot of technology like metal and the interlayer dielectric and so on, those are the back-end technology. Some engineer says, "I'm working on the back-end technology," you are doing the research other than the MOSFET like a metal line and and packaging and so on." If someone says, "I'm working on the front-end technology," then they're working on the small fundamental chip of the single transistor of MOSFET. As you know, transistor has downscaling. Sizes becomes much smaller than various size, and because the size is downscaling, heat generation is huge. The main purpose of a modern electron is how to reduce this heat from your CPU? Another innovator that I want to mention is Robert Dennard. He was working in IBM T. J. Watson, and he invented DRAM in 1966. Also, he formulated scaling theory. The scaling theory is basically, if you want to make transistors smaller, how can you design this small transistor? What is the thickness of the gate dielectric? What is the size of the gate? Source, train, how much doping you need to use? Those are defined in this scaling theory. Another Inventor is Kahng, Dawon. When he was in Bell Lab, he first invented MOSFET in 1960. Let's move to the Asia area. Fujio Masuoka invented NAND flash memory and NOR flash memory when he was working in Toshiba. This non-volatile memory is founded on our ubiquitous mobile electronics such as cell phone, iPad, digital camera, and SSD in your laptop. Final inventor that I want to mention is Nick Holonyak and Shuji Nakamura. Interestingly, Nick Holonyak is the first student of John Bardeen when he was in UIUC, and he invented the first invention with the LED with John Bardeen in 1962. Shuji Nakamura, when he was working in NICHIA, he invented blue gallium nitride LED. This blue gallium nitride LED yielded Nobel Prize.
