[MUSIC] Now we'll talk about how we can give examples of design thinking in action. But just to start, I'd like to remind us that design thinking is not just about products. It also helps create new processes, new systems, new services, and, importantly, even user experiences. So we have three domains that we must keep in mind constantly, again. We've got people. Design thinking is always about people. From the beginning right to the end of the process. It's also about the process itself. We've just spoken about how you can change, using technology or other means, a process that becomes more novel and more innovative so that it supports a better user experience. And then we also have place. And place is the context within which everything happens. And place can also give us a lot of insight in the way people interact with the space. So I'll just give a couple of examples, and one of them is the M-Pesa, which everyone knows, which evolved from Kenya. And it's a mobile, money transfer platform, which uses very simple cell phone and mobile phone technology to transfer money from one person to another using a series of vendors. And it's very straightforward. Not even smartphones need to be used for this. And the second example I'd like to give is one of Ushahidi. And Ushahidi is an activist mapping system that deploys an open source software which allows people to actually generate content and send content to a central aggregator to show you what's going on on the ground in real time. This developed out of the post-election violence of 2007 in Kenya. But it has since gone into even early warning systems for weather, agricultural applications, and so on. So this is another way in which communities in grassroots context actually are becoming part of an entire global system of communication where they support one another. An excellent example is also the RLabs. And in my view, the RLabs has the most comprehensive engagement of design thinking because it impacts just about everyone within the community. And it brings the community into a space where they can contribute to the well-being of the other members of the community. And I think this is an excellent example how social equity and cohesion can be promoted using social innovation in a context, right here in Cape Town. Then another example, actually, would be that of the Warka Water, which has been developed in Ethiopia. And the Warka tree in Ethiopia is a place where the communities gather together where they have their own communal functions. And this group of designers and architects actually referenced that tree as the meeting place, the soul of the community, to come up with a very interesting system which uses high-tech meshes that gather mist, and fog, and rainwater. And put them into a reservoir that community members can use. And this has been quite effective in showing how community members can actually co-design a process themselves. And this project won the World Design Impact Prize of 2016. And it's available for anyone interested in seeing how communities can get involved at that level. Then the final example I'd give you is the ABC syringe. And this was developed by a team, essentially from the UK, of designers and engineers that saw that a lot of deaths and infections were happening because people are using syringes that were already infected. But there was no way of knowing that they were previously used visually. So they developed this technology that allows the syringe to turn color. In this case, it turns to red if it has been used by someone else, and that stops people from accidentally using it. Very intuitive, very straight forward, and that also has used design thinking to support something that community members needed but no one had actually realized there's a possibility existing. This project also won the World Design Impact Prize of 2014, and it's also available for anyone looking into this further. So to summarise, I want to reiterate the importance of people. People must be at the centre of everything we do. Leopold Senghor put it beautifully. He said, I feel the other, I dance the other, therefore I am. And the Ubuntu philosophy also references this when I say that I am because we are, or I participate therefore I am. So we cannot just observe other human beings and not be moved by their context. And this is what social innovation allows us to do, and design thinking as a methodology supports that. And ultimately, the goal of design thinking is to surprise in a pleasant way and to delight people. Not just to create functional products that just do what they should do, but to surprise people with insights. And when you have deep empathy, you can generate insights that actually help produce new products, new services, new systems, and superior user experiences. So I'd really encourage you to go on this journey of design thinking, and apply it in your lives as well as in your practical and professional worlds. And see how it will actually change the way you see the world, and the way you can also impact on the same world. [MUSIC]