[MUSIC] Hi, now we're going to recap or summarize what we've talked about in this lecture. We've been talking about social science research in China. There's a lot of social science research being conducted that's related to China on many, many different topics. But as we just learned, there's a few topics that received special attention and are the subject of an especially large number of studies. One very basic topic is change and continuity. Understanding the tremendous changes that China has experienced, especially during the 20th century and also understanding the ways in which what we see in say China today, represents continuities with the period before the 20th century. And there are changes in continuities when it comes to society, education and politics. Another big area related to change, but an area, very big one in its own right, is family change. The Chinese family has been transformed over the course of the 20th century. Traditional forms, family organization have in many ways disappeared and been replaced. There are still some continuities, but understanding the reasons for these changes in the way that families have been organized and understanding the implications is an important topic for Social Science Research. Another topic is population aging. Especially as people have been living longer and longer and as birthrates have fallen, the share of Chinese population that is older has been rising rapidly. And indeed, the share of the population of China that's older or even above retirement age is going to rise very rapidly in the coming decades and the numbers of working age adults has began to fall. So, I have profound implications for China's economy and for its family organization and its social organization. There is also migration. Especially in the last few decades, China's been on the move. Millions of people have been moving from the countryside into the cities. This has transformed the countryside and it's certainly transformed the cities. And indeed, it's transformed the whole world. It was these migrants from rural areas to urban areas that were the workforce in the factories that helped drive China's economic expansion over the last few decades. The implications of these migration streams are not yet fully understood and as migration continues over coming decades, there still going to be lot to study. And finally, there's education, health, and well-being. China's been remarkably successful since the middle of the 20th century in improving overall, or average, well-being. People are better educated, they're living longer. By a number of other measures, they are better off. Nevertheless, there are inequalities in terms of education, health and other measures of well-being that are related to other features of China's economic, social and political organization. Understanding the implication of these differences and these inequalities in education, health, and overall well-being, is going to be an important task for social science research in the coming decades.