Hello, and welcome to this video on conceptualization. In the earlier videos, you have learned about the first steps of the research cycle. So you are already able to define a problem statement, research objective, research question, and to perform a literature review. In this video, I will discuss the next step, conceptualization. By the end of this video, you'll be able to define concepts, and define conceptualization, to explain why it's useful, and to conceptualize based on your literature review. After that, you will be ready for the next step, which is to design your own conceptual framework. I realize that I've used the term, conceptualization, quite casually up to now, as if we all know what it means, but do we? Do we all know it's definition? What's your definition? What image pops up in your head? Take a moment to think about it, about your own definition of this term, conceptualization. It is actually this thinking process, thinking about a definition of a term, that is what this video is all about. This conceptualization is simply specifying what we mean when we use a particular term. It simply means that you develop a concept, which is the same as an academic working agreements. Scholars may use many different definitions of one term, and you can choose one of them, or make your own definition. The concept has to be useful to your own study, it has to be specific, it has to be unambiguous. Let me give you an example of the concept, slum upgrading. You and I, we probably have different definitions and mental images of a slum, and of slum upgrading activities. After all, slums look different in different parts of the world. So now we're getting to the heart of the problem. Concepts such as slums and upgrading, they do not have an intrinsic undebatable meaning. By contrast, we all use different and often implicit definitions. Our mental images, they may overlap because most probably there is variance. As a researcher, you have to carefully define your own concepts. What is a slum? What is upgrading? This process of conceptualization specifies and sharpens your research. It ensures that your readers know exactly what you mean when you use the concept slum and upgrading. Even if they will use other definitions themselves. Preferably, the same concept, the way you define it, is used in other studies as well, because this would allow for comparison. So how can you conceptualize, or in other words, how do you create your own concepts? You can conceptualize by asking three questions. First, what are the main concepts, methods you mentioned in your research questions? If you know that, second, how have other scholars conceptualize these same terms? This question you answer in your literature review as we have discussed in the previous video. Third, how do you define these concepts yourself, for the purpose of your own research? Let me give you an example. Let's assume your main research question is as follows. How does community participation affect slum upgrading projects in cities in Vietnam? If that's your question, then the main concepts are: communities, participation, slums, and upgrading. These are ambiguous concepts. In your literature review, you can describe how others have defined the concepts, and then you can develop your own definition. A definition which is sensible for your own research, which is specific, which is unambiguous. So we are almost at the end of this video. Now, you've watched this video, you are able to define a concept, and conceptualization, explain why it's useful, and to conceptualize based on your literature review. As you have noticed, many concepts are ambiguous. We may define concepts differently, you and me, but that is not a problem, as long as you are concepts are specific, in the end, unambiguous, and useful for answering your research questions. The next steps of the research hierarchical are the creation of a conceptual framework using your concepts, and the operationalization and measurements. To practice these steps, you can conduct exercises and check out the discussion prompt. But for now, good job. This is the end of the second step in turning your preliminary research question into a full research proposal, through conceptualization.