[MUSIC] Hello and welcome to Module 5 of this MOOC where we will be looking at military practice in the protection of healthcare facilities and healthcare personnel. My name is Jamie Williamson. And with three of my colleagues, we will be taking you through the military practice and the practice of non-state armed groups to improve the protection of healthcare facilities and healthcare personnel. If we look at the previous module so far and all the materials that you have been presented, we have given you a huge amount of information with regard to the legal framework and the applicable international norms in the subject matter. Our aim in this particular module, is to help you understand how to translate these issues, these legal norms, into practical realities. For us civilians, it seems fairly evident, the biggest challenge however, is how do we translate what could be seen as extensive legal provisions into practical realities, into the operational realities of the parties to the armed conflict During the next few minutes, we will take you through different practical steps that military personnel as well non-state armed groups can apply to ensure the protection of healthcare personnel and healthcare facilities. In so doing, we will be reminding you of the legal obligations of the party to the armed conflict or the requirements that they have to apply in times of armed conflict and violence. We'll also try to guide you through the practical challenges that many of these parties to the armed conflicts have to overcome to ensure that these legal norms make sense in the heat of the battlefield. During this module, we'll be looking at two types of arms carriers. We'll be looking at the responsibilities and practical recommendations with regard to state armed forces, your regular military working alongside their respective governments. We'll also be looking at the specific problems and issues concerning non-state armed groups, armed groups who are not affiliated to a government, who are not part of the regular state armed forces. We will also refer to two key publications, which the ICRC has issued over the past few years with regard to safeguarding provisions of healthcare and healthcare facilities in times of armed conflict by both armed forces, as well as non-state armed groups. [MUSIC]