Mores and fashions were changing very, very quickly from the beginning of the 1870s. And we know from several newspaper articles that the man who commissioned this portrait was concerned mainly with preserving the image of traditional courtesan dress and fashion, and their comportment, the spirit that they have with him. We also know that Yuichi went to Yoshiwara and talked to a number of different bravo owners proposing that he draw a portrait of one of the famous women there. He was rejected. Most of the women looked at the work that he'd done already and refused. They thought that this new form, this new medium of art was rather vulgar and that it wouldn't capture them. And often it was too realistic in a rather cruel way. Only one courtesan, the 18-year-old, very, very high-ranked oiran, or top- ranked courtesan, came out and said "I'm not afraid of trying something new, of pushing the envelope. I'll sit for you and go ahead and do it". So anyway, she allowed him to paint her portrait. We also know from a couple of months after this was done by journalistic reporting that she was extremely unsatisfied with her portrait. She took one look at it and said "This is not me. It doesn't look like me at all". She got very, very angry and actually shed tears when she encountered her visage here in this portrait. Anyway, whether we think that she's attractive or not attractive, whether it's a cruel version of her rendition or not, is something that we can perhaps leave to the ages, to her contemporaries. I think more important is the fact that this image was created to promote oil painting portraiture itself by using as its sitter the object of the portrait, a cultural hero in a sense, one of the most popular, very talented, and very beautiful courtesans in Yoshiwara. The man who commissioned this portrait was less interested in producing an accurate rendition of a young voluptuous, very talented courtesan than in leaving a document of how Yoshiwara courtesans, who were very unique in society this time - they looked different than people walking around in the street - how they dressed, how they set up their hair, the way that they looked. It was something that the men, the patron of this portrait, the commissioner, the man who commissioned this portrait was very, very concerned that the traditions of Yoshiwara were becoming weakened and westernized and so forth. So he decided to have this done as a sort of memento, as a memorial to a way of life, a way of comporting oneself, and probably the situation of courtesans themselves, which was fading away from society. We can take a look. Koina here has an incredible hairdo. Her hair itself is not really that ornate but she's got about 20 tortoise shell-decorated hairpins in her hair which was a very unusual style at this time, very, very ornate, very, very heavy, something that she would use for example, when she was going to greet a guest, an important guest, a well-paying guest, perhaps, and so forth. So this is something, this is a style of dressing up with fashion that one would see at that time only in a particular place, in a particular situation in this small, very intense and intensely fashionable world of Yoshiwara. 1872. This year corresponds with the emancipation of prostitutes. Prostitutes, courtesans, up until this time throughout the Edo period were indentured. They usually had 7-year or 10-year contracts, which they had to fulfill in order to repay the money that they would receive at the beginning of their contracts and so forth. So they basically were really forced to work and to live within the pleasure quarters for the amount, for the duration, of their so-called contracts. That became illegal. The new Meiji government emancipated and allowed the women to choose where to live and where to work and so forth. So this was I believe another motivation for creating a document in this sense. Koina was not just a very popular, beautiful sort of icon of the age, she was also very active in promoting Yoshiwara, the pleasure quarters, as being a place that was politically germane and active in the decades leading up to the Meiji Restoration. For example, this was a little bit later. She becomes the hero, the protagonist of a novel in 1889. This is after she's retired by Jōno Saigiku, a gesaku, or light fiction, writer who became a newspaper journalist in the modern era. Sparrow of the Pleasure Quarters: Koina's Rich Harvest. We can see that she's pictured here again with a lot of these tortoise shell hairpins. And she's looking at this sort of cartouche next to her in which a young man is portrayed. We know from historical documents that one of her clients, one of her customers in the 1860s was a young man, Nakano Goichi, who was being hunted down by the bakufu forces and she protected him in Yoshiwara, she basically secluded him. He then went on to being a bureaucrat in the Meiji government and an entrepreneur as well. This story is a sort of documentary fictionalized tale of her youth, and the fact that she was a patriotic and a very, very active and soulful courtesan. And it turns her life into a novel as well. Koina was not entirely satisfied with her oil portrait but we can see it as one of the milestones in her life. She was very, very well known to culture people and people who had enough money to play in Yoshiwara in the 1870s, in the 1880s. But representations, pictures, images of her are used also or it can be read as documents, attempts to document very important crucial events and support the stories of important historical figures at the time. So it's another way that we can see and bring the notion of image into the mainline sort of history or the cultural history of Japan in the early modern era.
