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4.3: Plainview Technology 案例，第 2 部分
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财务会计概论（中文版）
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第 4 周: 比率分析
我们本周要进行期末考试。 因为考试原因，我将在本周介绍比率分析，其中不会涉及任何“新”材料。 课上将定义和讨论一系列的财务比率指标，基本上就是一个财务指标除以另一个得到的。 但是要深入理解资产负债表和利润表就需要分析这些财务比率。 同时，我们将通过一些财务比率分析视频复习之前学习的材料，帮助各位准备考试。 不过考试中没有关于财务比率分析的题目。 等考试完，您就可以用您丰富的财务会计知识去向您的家人、朋友和同事炫耀啦！
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Brian J BusheeThe Geoffrey T. Boisi Professor
Accounting
Hello, I'm Professor Brian.
Welcome back.
In this video we're going to continue our ratio analysis of Plainview Technology.
We've got a lot of ratios to get through so let's get started.
Let's start by bringing back up the DuPont ratio analysis slide.
I've added a couple of boxes to what we had last time.
Below return on sales, we have some additional ratios.
That'll let us drill down into profitability.
Things like gross margin and various expense ratios.
And below asset turnover, we can look at turnover rations for individual assets.
Like receivables and inventory, and liabilities like accounts payable.
We're going to start by looking at the profit margin ratios.
To try to figure out what are the drivers of Plainview's profitability.
Most of these ratios are going to come straight from the common
size income statement.
We're going to look at gross margin.
Which is (Sales- Cost of Goods Sold) / Sales.
Which gives us a sense of the mark up of the selling price over cost.
We'll look at selling general administrative expenses to sales.
So SG&A expense to sales to get a sense for
how much operating expenses are as a percent of sales.
The combination of those two is operating margin.
Which is operating income over sales.
Then we'll also look at the ratio of interest expense-to-sales.
And something called the effective tax rate.
Which is income taxes divided by pre-tax income.
>> Yes, yes.
We already saw all of these ratios on the Common Size income statement.
Will the entire video be this repetitious?
>> No, the whole video won't be repetitive and it won't be repetitive either.
But [LAUGH] these are the ratios from the common size we looked at before.
We need to look at them again.
Because to understand drivers of return on sales.
We need to buy the various items on the income statement by sales as well.
Here are the profit margin ratios for Plainview.
I have repeated all the definitions at the bottom.
I'm going to put up the pause sign.
Why don't you take a look at the ratios and
see what kind a things jump out at you.
One thing that leaps out at me is the steady increase in gross margin over
the period.
Does anyone have any theories for
what could explain this increase in gross margin?
>> Maybe the shifts to customize products and
to customers in new industries allow Plainview to charge a higher price?
>> And it would certainly help that one large customer does not have monotony
power over Plainview.
Ironically, Plainview is probably afraid to charge the defense contractor a high
price for fear of losing the business.
>> No, you have it all wrong.
It is the shift to automation and
the new technology that allowed Plainview to reduce its manufacturing costs.
Leading to a larger gross profit.
>> All excellent theories.
It could be that Plainview is able to charge a higher price for
roughly the same cost.
And maybe that's by moving in a new industries, or
providing a customized products, or by getting rid of the monopsony relationship.
A monopsony is the opposite of a monopoly,
where the customer has all the power instead of the supplier.
Or it could be something on the cost side.
Where Plainview is able to reduce costs but charge around the same price.
So maybe it's the automation that's doing that or it's the new technologies.
We're going to have to look at a lot more ratios to try to get
more evidence on which of these theories is correct.
Let's look at the rest of the ratios.
The ratio of selling general administrative expenses to sales
is completely flat over the period.
So as Planeview has grown substantially.
it's managed to keep its SG&A expenses in line.
And not have them grow faster than sales as a whole.
Then if we look at interest expense and effective tax rate.
There's not much going on.
Interest expense is pretty flat.
And other than a blip a couple years ago,
effective tax rate hasn't changed that much either.
>> Could it not be the case that a flat trend and SG&A would be bad news?
If there were economies of scale, we might expect the SG&A to sales ratio to go down.
>> That's an excellent point, Elizabeth.
Usually when we look at a ratio and see that not much has changed.
We assume that not much has changed.
But it could be the fact that Plainview should have gotten some
economies of scale.
For instance,
they're able to grow their sales volume faster than they grow their sales force.
Or maybe they automated their accounts receivable collections so
that they were able to reduce their SG&A costs as they grew.
But lacking such information, we have to assume that this is just a flat trend.
And it's at least good news that Plainview's SG&A hasn't grown
faster than its sales.
So our profit margin analysis tells us that
gross margin was the big driver of Plainview's success.
Now we have to think about are some possible explanations for
this improvement in gross margin.
Was Plainview able to reduce production costs while maintaining sales price.
So we'd have the question did Plainview further automate its production?
Or were they able to raise the selling price while keeping costs constant.
So we have the question, did the entry in the new markets,
the customized products, allow a higher markup?
Or maybe it's a combination of both.
There are no more ratios on the income statement that would allow us to drill
down even further.
So at this point we're going to have to search for confirming or disconfirming
evidence of these explanations elsewhere in the financial statements and ratios.
And of course if we were the analyst on the call.
We could actually ask management very specific questions
about what the source of their improvement in gross margin was.
>> That's it?
Can't the ratios tell us more?
I still don't know the answer to how they made their sales more profitable.
>> I can't promise that we'll ever know for sure just by looking at the ratios.
Remember, ratios allow us to ask better questions,
not necessarily give us the answers.
But I do have some more ratios that we can look at.
One place to look for further information on how Plainview is doing,
is to do a detailed asset turnover analysis.
Although Plainview's asset turnover ratio was steady over the period.
Looking at the detailed components of the ratio
may give us more insight into what happened with Plainview's turn-around.
For example, when there's dramatic increases in sales, like Plainview had.
You often see lower inventory levels.
So production can barely keep up with sales.
And higher accounts receivable levels because the company has to extend credit
to riskier customers to fuel its sales growth.
And if you remember, on the firm's statements.
We saw all this weird stuff going on with accounts receivable and
inventory over the period.
So let's define the asset turnover ratios.
Basically what these ratios are going to tell us is how many times during a year
a company cycles through its accounts.
For example, an inventory turnover of 8 would've meant that it builds and
sells inventory eight times during the year, on average.
So we're going to look at accounts receivable turnover.
Which is sales divided by average accounts receivable.
Inventory turnover, which is cost of goods sold.
Divided by average inventory.
Accounts payable turnover.
Which is purchases over accounts payable.
Purchases, we're trying to get out the purchase of new raw materials.
So we calculate that as the difference between ending and
beginning inventory plus COGS.
And then fixed asset turnover is sales divided by
average property plant and equipment.
Here are the asset turnover ratios for
Plainview along with the definitions at the bottom.
I'm going to put up the pause sign so you can take a look and
see what these ratios are telling you.
>> I do not find these turnover ratios very intuitive.
I mean, accounts receivable turns over 6 times.
What's that?
That's about 60 days on average.
Could we think about it that way?
>> Yeah, I've never found these turnover ratios that intuitive either.
So I'm going to recast them in a way that is more intuitive to me.
And hopefully will be more intuitive to you as well.
So now we're going to look at the same ratios from a different perspective.
We're going to turn them into what are called days outstanding ratios.
These ratios will help answer the question,
how many days on average are given accounts outstanding.
For example, if you saw a days inventory of 45.
It means that it takes 45 days,
on average, from the time we start building the inventory until we sell it.
So the days receivable outstanding ratio or days sales outstanding ratio,
which is often called DSO.
So if you've heard the term DSO it's referring to this ratio.
It's just 365/ A/R turnover.
So 365 being the number of days in the year.
And, in fact, that's how the days inventory and
days payable ratios work as well.
We just take the turnover ratio and divide it into 365.
But by putting these ratios in days we can come with a new ratio called
the net trade cycle.
This is the days receivable plus the days inventory minus the days payable.
The net trade cycle represents the gap between cash outflows.
Which are the days payable.
And cash in-flows, which come from the days receivable.
That we need to bridge with short-term financing.
So in other words the bigger the net trade cycle, the more borrowing you have to do.
I'll talk about this ratio more in the context of Plainview.
Speaking of Plainview, here are the days ratios for Plainview.
These are the ones we're going to talk about in detail.
So, why don't you pause the video and take a look at them.
Let's start on the top line with days receivable.
So days receivable for Plainview has gone down from 60 to 44 over this period.
Now the 44 means that from the time Plainview makes the sale.
It's 44 days until they collect the cash.
So they're collecting their cash 16 days more quickly over this period.
Is that good news or bad news?
Well, it depends.
Remember, ratios on their own are not good news or bad news.
But instead we want to figure out what activity drove the change in the ratio.
And is that activity good news or bad news.
For example, this could be good news, if Plainview put in new collection efforts.
And as a result they get paid more quickly.
It could be bad news if they've been restricting their sales
to customers that pay more quickly.
And as a result have been giving up a lot of sales growth and profitability.
But let me ask you guys?
What do you think caused this?
>> Clearly, it is the loss of the defense contract that
allowed Plainview to collect more quickly.
Such a large customer can practically dictate its payment terms.
>> Maybe Plainview offered discounts for customers that paid more quickly.
>> Or it was the improvement in the economy.
After the financial crisis ended customers had better financial health.
And were better able to pay on time.
>> Those are all excellent theories, let's look a them one by one.
Elizabeth suggested it was losing the defense contractor that
allowed us to collect more quickly.
And certainly if one big customer has power over us and
refuses to pay more quickly.
It's going to hurt our days receivable.
Once that customer leaves and we can choose other customers.
We can choose customers that pay more quickly.
Plus Plainview moved into new industries.
And one more thing we can look at is maybe the companies in those industries just
tend to pay more quickly.
Eric suggested that maybe we're offering discounts for more quick payments.
The problem with that theory is that if we were offering discounts.
It would cut into our selling price, and cut into our gross margin.
But we see that Plainview actually had an increase in gross margin.
Dave suggested it's the economy as a whole.
While we can check that one as well,
why don't we bring up three of Plainview's competitors.
Because if it's the economy,
this improvement in collections should be shared by everyone in the economy.
And as we can see that's not the case.
Only Plainview had an improvement in days receivable.
Their competitors did not.
So the most likely theory is that it's the fact that we got
rid of the defense contractor.
And moved into the new industries with new customers.
That's now allowing us to collect 16 days more quickly.
Next let's look at days inventory.
Days inventory has increased from 81 days to 105 days.
Which means from the first point that Plainview gets raw materials.
It's 105 days before the finished
inventory leaves the warehouse to go to the customers.
So Plainview is having to hold inventory 24 days longer.
Is that good news or bad news?
Well, I guess it depends on what it reflects.
It would be bad news if the inventory wasn't selling.
But that's probably not the case for Plainview, given their growth in sales.
It could be good news if they're ramping up their inventory production
in advance of future sales.
But what do you guys think is the explanation?
>> I think it was a shift in customization.
It takes longer to produce inventory when it is made in customized, small batches.
>> Yes, that would make sense with the higher gross margin.
Plainview can charge more for a product because it is customized and
takes longer to produce.
>> But, it is peculiar that Plainview holds inventory longer when its sales
are growing so much.
>> I really like Eric's customization explanation for
the increase in days inventory.
If you make customized products, they're going to take longer to make.
You have to make smaller batches.
Set up the machine for each batch.
Bring in different raw materials.
And you're just going to have inventory longer.
But as long as you're getting paid for that.
You should see the gross margin increase.
Which is what we see with Plainview.
Elizabeth raises an excellent point.
That's it's strange to see days inventory go up
when sales growth is also going up quite a bit.
What could explain that is the two new factories.
So, maybe Plainview's sales are not at a level that can support
the two new factories to run around the clock.
But we want to run them at capacity.
So maybe Plainview is over producing a little bit of inventory now
in anticipation of future sales.
Now let's look at the days payable ratio.
That's gone down from 55 days to 33 days.
Which means that from the point Plainview gets raw materials from its suppliers.
It's 33 days until they send them a check to pay them what they owe them.
So Plainview is paying its suppliers 22 days more quickly than it did before.
What could explain that?
>> No duh.
Collect cash faster from customers.
Pay suppliers more quickly.
>> If Plainview pays suppliers more quickly.
It might get to take advantage of discounts.
Which would reduce inventory costs, and improve gross margin.
Hey, this is fun.
>> Yeah, this is fun.
So maybe it is a simple matter that if you collect cash more quickly.
You can pay your suppliers more quickly.
And in doing so, you can take advantage of discounts, as Eric pointed out.
And if you take advantage of discounts.
Your raw materials cost less.
Which means your cost of goods sold is lower and your gross margin is higher.
So why doesn't everybody always take advantage of discounts?
Well, there's a cost to it.
And that's what we're going to look at in this next ratio, the net trade cycle.
The net trade cycle is basically a measure of the number of days
that you have to borrow from a bank to meet a short-term cash shortfall.
So the net trade cycle is days inventory plus days receivable.
So that's basically the number of days from when you first get raw materials.
To when you make the sale and then collect the cash.
So in Planview's case, it's 105 days inventory, 44 days receivable.
149 days from when you get the raw materials to when you collect cash.
Then we subtract the days payable.
Which is the number of days that you have until you have to pay cash to your
supplier.
That's only 33 days.
So 149 minus 33 creates a gap of 116 days.
That 116 days is the number of days Plainview has to
go to a bank to borrow money.
And note that Plainview was borrowing 30 days more now
than they were a few years ago.
Is this good news or bad news?
>> This is very odd.
Why would Plainview pay its suppliers more quickly.
When it would have to turn around and borrow more money from the bank?
>> Yeah, the only way this would make sense for
Plainview is if the discounts that they get by paying their suppliers earlier.
Are greater than the extra interest that
they pay from borrowing from the bank longer.
And that's probably the case for Plainview.
We saw earlier that their interest expense as a percent of sales has been fairly
flat over time.
Indicating that they're able to borrow more.
Without having it negatively affect their interest rate or their interest expense.
So all and all this seems to be a good thing for Plainview.
Whereby taking advantage of the discounts.
They're able to reduce their costs and increase their gross margin So
what are the overall conclusions that we can draw from this DuPont ratio analysis?
It seems that for Plainview, the entry into new markets has produced
higher margin sales with faster collections.
And those faster collections are potentially allowing them to take
advantage of discounts.
But they have much longer production times.
And have to hold much more inventory.
There's still a couple puzzles out there.
How are they able to do this with 40% and higher sales growth?
And why is their cash flow from operations so volatile.
Or as we said before, squirrely?
So at this point we have a pretty good idea of what's going on with Plainview.
But it's only a pretty good idea.
We don't know specifics.
But we're at a point now where the ratio analysis will allow us to ask much better,
much more specific questions.
To try to get to the bottom of what's going on with the company.
>> So can you tell us what happened?
>> No, I'm not going to tell you what happened.
Because if this was real life, you would do the ratio analysis
without knowing what was going to happen in the company's future.
The ratio analysis is not about the outcome.
It's about the journey.
It's about using a systematic approach to look at ratios.
To try to figure out what may be working or not working for the company.
But also to generate a good set of questions that you will then follow up.
And do more research or try to contact the company to find out the answers.
So I'm going to leave you hanging and
not tell you what ended up happening to Plainview.
So we just have one more video to do on Plainview Technology.
We haven't looked at any of the liquidity ratios yet.
So in the next video we'll introduce liquidity ratios.
And take a look at those ratios for Plainview.
I'll see you then.
>> See you next video.
[BLANK AUDIO]
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