《杏林探宝——认知中药》是由上海中医药大学推出的一门关于中药学的慕课课程，由上海中医药大学杨柏灿教授主讲。 上海中医药大学（Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine）的前身是上海中医学院，创建于1956年，是新中国诞生后国家首批建立的四所中医药高等院校之一，也是上海市属高校中唯一的一所医科类重点特色院校。 中药学根植于中华文化，是中医药学的重要组成部分，也凝聚着中华文明的精髓。其悠久的历史，卓越的防病治病效果，较少的毒副作用，成为中华民族防病治病不可或缺的选择。同时，中药的作用也日益引起国际社会的关注和重视。但不可否认，对中药的认识和应用存在着一些不容忽视的误区与盲区，非常有必要采取一定的方式，通过合适的平台传播、普及中药知识，使人们对中药有一个更为全面准确的认识，并能合理应用，让中药为人类的健康保健发挥更大的作用。
1-2 中药的概念
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Del curso dictado por Shanghai Jiao Tong University
杏林探宝——认知中药
110 calificaciones
De la lección
中药的概念与文化属性
主要中药名称的由来、中药以及与之相关的一些名称的基本概念，简要发展史、中药的主要特点；中药治病的主要作用原理。通过具体实例（如生姜治疗喉痈，端午节与艾叶、雄黄、香囊，甲骨文与龙骨等）从哲学、历史、饮食、民俗、汉字、文学等多个角度介绍中药的文化属性，凸显中药与文化的交融。
介绍药物：生姜、艾叶、雄黄、龙骨。
Conoce a los instructores
杨柏灿教授，博士生导师
上海中医药大学中药学教研室
In the last class, we introduced basic
information and structure of
this course
From this class
we'll come to the detailed contents
The first unit
is called 'The concept of Chinese Herbal Medicine and its culture attribute'
In another word, what is Chinese herbal medicine
Regarding the term of
Chinese herbal medicine
if you ask around
Just ask what is Chinese herbal medicine
people may think your question is weird
because it's almost not a question at all for common Chinese people
But if you keep on asking about the history of this title
how long has it been in use
how it obtained its name
Very few people can answer
Each time I give lecture to
students major in Chinese Materia Medica
I'll always ask the same question
the anwer varies in students
Some would say
'Since Chinese Herbal Medicine is part of Chinese culture
a culture with a history of 5,000 years
this title must have been used for 5,000 years
He is not wrong
but he is not accurate either
Some would think from the
formation of the theoretical system of Chinese Herbal Medicine
the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic)
From that time to this day
it has been over 2,000 years
So the title of Chinese Herbal Medicine
must have been used for over 2,000 years
Likewise, this answer is not accurate either
Actually, from our standpoint
Originally, Chinese Herbal Medicine did not contain the word 'Chinese'
it just means 'medicine'
or "toxic medicine"
Of course, the 'toxic' with a quotation mark
Broadly speaking
all medicines are somehow toxic
All medicines that can treat diseases
can be called toxic medicines
Ever since when
we started to call them Chinese herbal medicine
Obviously, it has something to do with the introduction of Western Medicine
to China
We know the it has been only 200 years since the Western medicine
has been introduced to China
Western Medicine practitioners need to precribe medicine
just like Chinese medical doctors do
In order to avoid any unnecessary confusion
and distinguish one from the other
We inserted 'Chinese' into the original herbal medicine
which later became a brand new name... Chinese herbal medicine
From that perspective
it is a general title for traditional medicine
But this title has lasted
for only 200 years
That is the first concept I want to mention
Secondly
I'd like to introduce the definition of Chinese Herbal Medicine
How will you define Chinese herbal medicine?
Right on it
there are a lot of misunderstandings
The most popular, the most common misunderstandings lie
in two areas
One is related to the geographical origin
Another is related to the species
it is also related to the source
As for the geographical origin
whenever we say Chinese herbal medicine (Zhong Yao)
You may think the word 'Zhong' means 'Chinese'
thenn you may take it for granted that
Chinese herbal medicine are planted in China and used in China
Actually, this is not accurate
We can't deny that
the reason why China is the birth place of Chinese herbal medicine
primarily correlates with the fact that
70% of them originated in China
However, not all herbs produced in China are categorized as Chinese herbal medicine
Even those herbs that have been used in China
can't be named as Chinese herbal medicine
This is related to their use
On the other hand
herbs from China
can be exported to the overseas market
One example
Berberine, a medicine
indicated for diarrhea
a component extracted from Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis)
also known as berberine hydrochloride
But when we use berberine now
few people will realize it comes from a Chinese herb
It is not named as a herbal medicine
but just a extracted component from Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis)
This is one fact we have to admit
For another thing known to all
we also have a extensively used herb
for cancer treatment
Bai Hua She She Cao (Herba Hedyotis diffusa)
Its anti-tumor efficacy has been
recognised and accepted internationally
The real purpose for importing this herb from China is
not for clinical use
or anti-cancer treatment
The real purpuse is to
extract the effiective components
in the laboratory
and to study this specific
anti-tumor component
Once the component is found
in anti-tumor effect
the product will no longer be labelled as Chinese herb
This is a status we need to be well aware of
On the other hand
we need to be aware that more than 30% of herbs are non-original to China
but overseas
There are two different forms
One type is the new species introduced and successfully cultivated to China
take American ginseng for an example
As the name implies, Amercan Ginseng
is mainly from the USA and Canada
But it's been introduced and
successfully cultivated in China
its output has remained high
But we can't name it an original species of China
Some Chinese herbs
need to be imported from other countries
Therefore
majority of Chinese herbs are from
but not limited to China
Another thing we have to face
Herbs used in China
are not necessariy Chinese herbs
They may also be used in other countries
but sometimes are still known as Chinese herbs
This depends on the theoretical system
This is the first trap in understanding
What is the second one
It's the assumption that Chinese herbs are plants
or Chinese herbs are natural medicine
It is both right and wrong
We call them herbs
why
because more than 70% of them
are associated with plants
70%- 80%, that is really a large percentage
But we should also be aware that
at least 30% are
not plants
such as animals
like the earthworm, scorpio
the testudinis, and the tortoise shell
They are all Chinese medicine
but not plants
but animals
some are minerals
such as gypsum, mirabilite, and mica colorata
all these are minerals
this is one thing we need to be clear
but there is another thing we need to know
Chemical refining and synthesizing technologies have been well deveopled
in China long time ago
to prepare for medicine
This can be traced back as early as the Qin Dynasty, the emperor and his loyal people pursued immortality by
alchemy
which is the chemical preparation of medicine
The agent we still use today
for example, Shen Qu (Massa Medicata Fermentata) is a chemical synthetic drug
So we should not take it for granted that
Chinse herbs are natural plants
I'd like to say more about natural medicine
in a real sense
natural medicine are wild
including plants, animals, and minerals
But we now know that
absolutly natural products today
are very rare
no matter plants or animals.
We have Turtle Pellets
made from turtle carapace and tortoise plastron
actually tortoise and turtle
But the raw material, turtles
are mostly artificial breeding ones
not natural
Historically, things were different from today
most herbs were natural
undoubtedly
But as a rare case
ginseng's artificial cultivation was recorded since the Tang Dynasty(618–907 AD)
Therefore, no matter natural
or plants
are not absolute
you may wonder
neither this nor that is
Chinese herb
then what is
Let's give Chinese herb
a definition
It refers to herbs used
under the guidance of traditional Chinese medical theory
This definition is important
As for the theory of Chinese herbal medicine
we'll talk about later
I'll also introduce
fundamental theories of Chinese medicine
Here is an example for it
When we treat patients
some of them may ask about
their body constitution
heat constitution or cold constitution
some may ask
'Can I take American ginseng?'
or 'Can I take Steamed ginseng?'
and etc
Actually, we need to combine basic knowledge about Chinese medicine
to answer these questions
Patients do not know how to use these knowledge
Why
According to fundamental theories of Chinese medicine
we treat problems according to the principle of 'using cold-property herbs for heat syndrome and vice versa'
That is, if you have a heat constitution
or your condition is diagnosed as heat
we'll adopt a cooling method
by using cool-property herbs
For example, if one patient complained of
restlessness, a dry mouth
dry stools, bloody stools
a very red tongue
We can diagnose him
as a heat constitution or heat syndrome.
As for the treatment
cold or cool-property herbs are used
Of these cold or cool-property herbs
I'd like to give you an example
American ginseng
American ginseng and steamed ginseng
are both regarded as ginseng
however, they are different in properties
patients with a heat constitution
should be treated with cold or cool-property herbs
Therefore, between the two,
the correct choice is American ginseng,
because cold-natured American ginseng is cold in property.
After taking American ginseng
The patient's symptoms (dry mouth and dry stools) allevaited
his restlessness disappeared
Here comes the thing
If steamed ginseng is used for patients with a heat constitution
we do have some patients, saying
'Hi, Dr. Yang! After taking steamed ginseng
I've become more and more restless
my nose bleeds and my blood pressure is elevated
Why
Because it's like 'adding fuel to flame'
He should have taken the cool-property American ginseng
Instead, he took the warm-property steamed ginseng
wrong choice
This is what we say the theroetial guidance
Here we will see another patient
He complained of severe cold intolerance
and cold hands
lassitude
profuse urine
and loose stools
We can conclude that the patient has a cold constitution
or cold syndrome
According to the fundamental theory of Chinese medicine
we should treat cold problems using warm-property herbs
Cold constitution or cold sydnrome
needs to be treated with a warm method
or warm-property herbs
This time, when you are asked to choose between steamed ginseng and American ginseng
Of course the steamed ginseng
because it is warm in nature
Quite possibly, steamed ginseng may work well for this patient
the cold intolerance alleviated
his hands became warm,
and his stools also became normal
The good outcome is all based on the correct treatment
But if
American ginseng is used instead of steamed ginseng
you can imagine the result
It is more like 'adding insult to injury'
Therefore, sometimes we hear people complaining
after taking American ginseng
They became cold intolerant and experience abdominal pain
and increased bowel movements
That indicates a wrong use of American ginseng
From all of the above
the practice of Chinese herbal medicine
should always be guided by the theory
What theory
the theory about Chinese medicine
The contents of this class
seems easy
but is truly the core of Chinese medicine
Future application of Chinese herbs
to health cultivation
and disease prevention and treatment
has to be guided by Chinese medical theory
This is what I want to emphasize
That is all for today Thank you
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