Comparing Genes, Proteins, and Genomes (Bioinformatics III)

<p>Welcome to class!</p><p>If you joined us in the previous course in this Specialization, then you became an expert at <em>assembling</em> genomes and sequencing antibiotics. The next natural question to ask is how to compare DNA and amino acid sequences. This question will motivate this week's discussion of <strong>sequence alignment</strong>, which is the first of two questions that we will ask in this class (the algorithmic methods used to answer them are shown in parentheses):</p><ol><li>How Do We Compare DNA Sequences? (<em>Dynamic Programming</em>)</li><li>Are There Fragile Regions in the Human Genome? (<em>Combinatorial Algorithms</em>)</li></ol><p>As in previous courses, each of these two chapters is accompanied by a Bioinformatics Cartoon created by talented artist Randall Christopher and serving as a chapter header in the Specialization's bestselling <a href="http://bioinformaticsalgorithms.com" target="_blank">print companion</a>. You can find the first chapter's cartoon at the bottom of this message. Why have taxis suddenly become free of charge in Manhattan? Where did Pavel get so much spare change? And how should you get dressed in the morning so that you aren't late to your job as a crime-stopping superhero? Answers to these questions, and many more, in this week's installment of the course.</p><p><img src="http://bioinformaticsalgorithms.com/images/cover/alignment_cropped.jpg" width="528"></p>

<p>Welcome to Week 2 of the class!</p> <p>Last week, we saw how touring around Manhattan and making change in a Roman shop help us find a longest common subsequence of two DNA or protein strings.</p> <p>This week, we will study how to find a highest scoring alignment of two strings. We will see that regardless of the underlying assumptions that we make regarding how the strings should be aligned, we will be able to phrase our alignment problem as an instance of finding the longest path in a directed acyclic graph.</p>

<p>Welcome to Week 3 of the class!</p> <p>Last week, we saw how a variety of different applications of sequence alignment can all be reduced to finding the longest path in a Manhattan-like graph.</p> <p>This week, we will conclude the current chapter by considering a few advanced topics in sequence alignment. For example, if we need to align long strings, our current algorithm will consume a huge amount of memory. Can we find a more memory-efficient approach? And what should we do when we move from aligning just two strings at a time to aligning many strings?</p>

<p>Welcome to Week 4 of the class!</p> <p>You now know how to compare two DNA (or protein) strings. &nbsp;But what if we wanted to compare entire genomes? When we "zoom out" to the genome level, we find that substitutions, insertions, and deletions don't tell the whole story of evolution: we need to model more dramatic evolutionary events known as <strong>genome rearrangements</strong>, which wrench apart chromosomes and put them back together in a new order. A natural question to ask is whether there are "fragile regions" hidden in your genome where chromosome breakage has occurred more often over millions of years. This week, we will begin addressing this question by asking how we can compute the number of rearrangements on the evolutionary path connecting two species.</p> <p>You can find this week's Bioinformatics Cartoon from Randall Christopher at the bottom of this E-mail. What do earthquakes and a stack of pancakes have to do with species evolution? Keep learning to find out!</p> <p><img width="528" src="http://bioinformaticsalgorithms.com/images/cover/rearrangements_cropped.jpg"></p>

<p>Last week, we asked whether there are fragile regions in the human genome. Then, we took a lengthy detour to see how to compute a distance between species genomes, a discussion that we will continue this week.</p> <p>It is probably unclear how computing the&nbsp;<em>distance</em> between two genomes can help us understand whether <em>fragile regions</em> exist. If so, please stay tuned -- we will see that the connection between these two concepts will yield a surprising conclusion to the class.</p>

In the sixth and final week of the course, we will apply sequence alignment algorithms to infer the non-ribosomal code.